BENTON'S ABRIDGMENT OF THE DEBATES OF CONGRESS. ABRIDGMENT OF THE DEBATES OF CONGRESS, FROM 1789 TO 1856. FROM GALES AND SEATON'S ANNALS OF CONGRESS; FROM THEIR REGISTER OF DEBATES; AND FROM THE OFFICIAL REPORTED DEBATES, BY JOHN C. RIVES. BY THE AUTHOR OF THE THIRTY YEARS' VIEW. VOL. I. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON & COMPANY, 346 & 348 BROADWAY. CHICAGO: S. C. GRIGGS & CO., 111 LAKE ST. 1857. ENTERED according to Act of Congress, in the year 1856, by D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York. PREFACE. The title-page discloses the sources from which this abridgment is made, and shows them all to be authentic, and reliable,--well known to the public, and sanctioned by resolves of Congress. Of the latter of these authorities--"Gales and Seaton's Register of Debates," "The Congressional Globe and Appendix, by Blair and Rives," and the same afterwards by "John C. Rives"--it is not necessary to speak, further than to remind the reader, that they are original reports, made either by the publishers or their special reporters, and revised by the speakers, and accepted as authority by Congress; and therefore needing no historical elucidation to show their correctness. But of the first--"The Annals of Congress by Gales and Seaton"--being a compilation, a special, but brief notice is necessary to show the credit to which they are entitled. And first, of the qualifications of the compilers for their work. To education and talent, and a particular turn for political disquisition and history, they added, at the time, more than forty years' personal connection with the Debates of Congress, as reporters and publishers of the speeches and proceedings in that body. Both of these gentlemen reported, on extraordinary occasions; and both with great aptitude and capacity for the business, and Mr. Gales especially, (under whose particular care the compilation of the Annals was made,)--of whom Mr. Randolph, a most competent judge, was accustomed to say, that he was the most perfect reporter he had ever known--a perfection which resulted not merely from manual facility in noting down what was said, but from quickness and clearness of apprehension, and a full knowledge of the subject spoken upon.[1] To this capacity for the work, these gentlemen added peculiar advantages for knowing and reaching the sources of information. The father of one of them, and the father-in-law of the other,--(Mr. Joseph Gales, Senior,)--had been an early reporter of the Debates of Congress;--in the time of Washington and the first Mr. Adams,--and, of course, a collector and preserver of all contemporary reports. These came into their hands, with ample knowledge of all the sources from which further collections could be made. To these capabilities and advantages, were added the pride of character which exults in producing a perfect work;--and they spared neither pains nor cost to produce such a work--and succeeded.