The =Turnip Flea Beetle=, or =Turnip Fly= (_Haltica nemorum_), one-tenth to one-eighth of an inch long, egg-shaped, black, with longitudinal streaks of a sulphur yellow colour on the thickly pitted wing-covers. Larva one-fifth of an inch long, yellowish white, with dark brown head, neck-shield, and last body segment. The adult beetles have the same habits as in the preceding species; they also do damage in the same way, and attack the same plants, especially in the seedling condition. The female, however, does not lay her eggs in heaps, but separately on the leaves, and always on the under side. The larva bores into the leaf, and digs a passage, which, like the animal inhabiting it, is at first small, but gets gradually larger. In fine weather the larva is fully developed in a week. It then pierces the skin covering the under side of the leaf, falls to the ground, and becomes a pupa. Several generations may appear every year, if the weather is favourable (dry). This species is quite as harmful as the preceding, chiefly in the mature condition. _Remedies_: Compare the preceding species. Family: =Coccinellidæ= (_Lady-birds_). Hemispherical; upper side convex; under side flattened. Head small, retractile. Antennæ, eleven-jointed, thickened at their tips. Legs short; feet apparently three-jointed—in reality four-jointed, the second joint, however, being very small. Colour, usually variegated; many species black with red, or red with black spots. When grasped, they let a yellowish, unpleasant-smelling fluid escape from the abdomen. The blunt, four-cornered, usually variegated pupæ hang on the leaves. The fully developed larvæ are longer than the beetles. They closely resemble those of the leaf beetles, but are not so thick-set, and their longer legs stick out more laterally. They are covered with warts and little spines (Fig. 85). The larvæ and beetles of most species feed chiefly on aphides and shield-lice; they are therefore of use, and this is especially true of the exceedingly ravenous larvæ. The larvæ of the Seven-spotted and Two-spotted Lady-birds, in particular (_Coccinella septempunctata_ and _C. bipunctata_), are found in large numbers among aphis colonies. The yellow eggs are laid in heaps. [Illustration: FIG. 85.—The Seven-spotted Lady-bird (_Coccinella septempunctata_): larvæ, pupæ, beetles; all natural size. ] SECOND ORDER: =Orthoptera= (STRAIGHT-WINGED INSECTS).