Produced by Suzanne Lybarger, Brian Janes, Annika Feilbach and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net AIDS TO FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY BY W.G. AITCHISON ROBERTSON M.D., D.Sc., F.R.C.P.E. LECTURER ON FORENSIC MEDICINE, SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, EDINBURGH; LATE EXAMINER IN THE UNIVERSITIES OF EDINBURGH AND ST. ANDREWS; FOR THE TRIPLE BOARD; DIPLOMA IN PUBLIC HEALTH, ETC. NINTH EDITION TWENTIETH THOUSAND LONDON BAILLIERE, TINDALL AND COX 8, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN 1922 PREFACE TO NINTH EDITION I trust that, having thoroughly revised the "Aids to Forensic Medicine," it may prove as useful to students preparing for examination in the future as it has been in the past. W.G. AITCHISON ROBERTSON. SURGEONS' HALL, EDINBURGH, _November_, 1921. PREFACE TO EIGHTH EDITION This work of the late Dr. William Murrell having met with such a large measure of success, the publishers thought it would be well to bring out a new edition, and invited me to revise the last impression. This I have done, and while retaining Dr. Murrell's text closely, I have made large additions, in order to bring the "Aids" up to present requirements. I have also rearranged the matter with the object of making the various sections more consecutive than they were previously. W.G. AITCHISON ROBERTSON. SURGEONS' HALL, EDINBURGH, _June_, 1914. CONTENTS PART I FORENSIC MEDICINE PAGE