Chloral Hydrate 134 XXXVI. Petroleum and Paraffin Oil 134 XXXVII. Antipyrine, Antefebrin, Phenacetin, and Aniline 135 XXXVIII. Sulphonal, Trional, Tetronal, Veronal, Paraldehyde 137 XXXIX. Conium and Calabar Bean 138 XL. Tobacco and Lobelia 139 XLI. Hydrocyanic Acid 140 XLII. Aconite 143 XLIII. Digitalis 144 XLIV. Nux Vomica, Strychnine, and Brucine 145 XLV. Cantharides 146 XLVI. Abortifacients 147 XLVII. Poisonous Fungi and Toxic Foods 148 XLVIII. Ptomaines or Cadaveric Alkaloids 150 Index 152 AIDS TO FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY PART I FORENSIC MEDICINE I.--CRIMES Forensic medicine is also called Medical Jurisprudence or Legal Medicine, and includes all questions which bring medical matters into relation with the law. It deals, therefore, with (1) crimes and (2) civil injuries. 1. A _crime_ is the voluntary act of a person of sound mind harmful to others and also unjust. No act is a crime unless it is plainly forbidden by law. To constitute a crime, two circumstances are necessary to be proved--(a) that the act has been committed, (b) that a guilty mind or malice was present. The act may be one of omission or of commission. Every person who commits a crime may be punished, unless he is under the age of seven years, is insane, or has been made to commit it under compulsion. Crimes are divided into _misdemeanours_ and _felonies_. The distinction is not very definite, but, as a rule, the former are less serious forms of crime, and are punishable with a term of imprisonment, generally under two years; while felonies comprise the more serious charges, as murder, manslaughter, rape, which involve the capital sentence or long terms of imprisonment. An _offence_ is a trivial breach of the criminal law, and is punishable on summary conviction before a magistrate or justices only, while the more serious crimes (_indictable offences_) must be tried before a jury. 2. _Civil injuries_ differ from crimes in that the former are compensated by damages awarded, while the latter are punished; any person, whether injured or not, may prosecute for a crime, while only the sufferer can sue for a civil injury. The Crown may remit punishment for a crime, but not for a civil injury. II.--MEDICAL EVIDENCE