16. High Renewal with Four Canes 47 17. High Renewal Complete 48 18. A Slat Trellis, with Upright Training 51 19. Fan Training, after Pruning 55 20. William Kniffin 57 21. The True Kniffin Training 59 22. No. 21, when Pruned 60 23. A Poor Type of Kniffin 64 24. The Y-Trunk Kniffin 65 25. Umbrella Training 67 26. A Poor Umbrella System 68 27. Eight-Cane Kniffin (Diagram) 70 28. Overhead Kniffin 71 29. Overhead Kniffin 72 30. Overhead Kniffin, before Pruning 73 31. Cross-Wire Training 75 32. Cross-Wire Training, Outside View 76 33. Munson Training. End View 78 34. Munson Training. Side View 79 35. Horizontal Training 83 36. Low Post Training 86 37. A Yearling Graft 91 PREFACE. This little book has grown out of an attempt to teach the principles and methods of grape training to college students. I have found such teaching to be exceedingly difficult and unsatisfactory. It is impossible to firmly impress the lessons by mere lectures. The student must apprehend the principles slowly and by his own effort. He must have time to thoroughly assimilate them before he attempts to apply them. I therefore cast about for books which I could put before my class, but I at once found that there are very few succinct accounts of the subjects of grape pruning and training, and that none of our books portray the methods which are most largely practised in the large grape regions of the east. My only recourse, therefore, was to put my own notes into shape for print, and this I have now done. And inasmuch as all grape-growers are students, I hope that the simple account will find a use beyond the classroom.