[Illustration: 34. MUNSON TRAINING. SIDE VIEW.] "The following advantages are secured by this system: "1. The natural habit of the vine is maintained, which is a canopy to shade the roots and body of vine and the fruit, without smothering. "2. New wood, formed by sap which has never passed through bearing wood, is secured for the next crop--a very important matter. "3. Simplicity and convenience of trellis, allowing free passage in any direction through the vineyard; circulation of air without danger of breaking tender shoots; ease of pruning, spraying, cultivation, harvesting. "4. Perfect control in pruning of amount of crop to suit capacity of vine. "5. Long canes for bearing, which agrees exactly with the nature of nearly all our American species far better than short spurs. "6. Ease of laying down in winter. The vine being pruned and not tied, standing away from posts, can be bent down to one side between the rows, and earth thrown upon it, and can be quickly raised and tied in position. "7. Cheapness of construction and ease of removing trellis material and using it again. "8. Durability of both trellis and vineyard." [Illustration: (Drawing of grapes)] CHAPTER V. MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS. _Horizontal Training._--There are very few types of horizontal shoot training now in use. The best is probably that shown in fig. 35. This particular vine is a Delaware, to which this training is well adapted. It will be noticed that this picture represents the end of a trellis, and the diagonal stick seen near the ground is a brace for the end post. Two wires run from post to post, one about two and one-half feet above the ground and the other five and one-half feet high. The posts are set at the ordinary distance of 16 or 18 feet apart. The vines are set six or eight feet apart, if Delawares. A strong stake is driven in the ground behind each vine, standing as high as the top of the trellis when set. The permanent trunk or head of the vine stands about a foot high. The vine is renewed back to the top of this trunk every year. One cane is left at each pruning, which, when tied up to the stake, is as high as the trellis. From this perpendicular cane, the bearing shoots are carried out horizontally. About six of these shoots are allowed to grow upon either side of the cane. As the shoots grow, they are tied to perpendicular slats which are fastened on the wires. These slats do not touch the ground. Two slats are provided upon either side, making four to a vine. They stand a foot or fifteen inches apart. The clusters hang free from the horizontal shoots. If the shoots grow too long, they are pinched in when they have passed the second slat. While these shoots are covering the trellis, another shoot is taken out from the head or trunk of the vine and, without being allowed to fruit, is tied up along the central stake. This shoot is to form the top next year, for all the present vine is to be entirely cut away at the winter's pruning. So the