If it is desired, however, to keep the old top, it will be best to cut back the annual growth heavily at the winter pruning. The amount of wood which shall be left must be determined by the vigor of the plant and the variety, but three or four canes of six to ten buds each may be left at suitable places. During the next season a strong shoot from the base of each cane may be allowed to grow, which shall form the wood of the following season, while all the present cane is cut away at the end of the year. So the bearing wood is renewed each year, as in the regular systems of training. Much skill and experience are often required to properly rejuvenate an old vine; and in very many cases the vine is not worth the trouble. [Illustration: (Drawing of grapes}] INDEX. Page Adlum, quoted, 10 Arbor Kniffin, 72 Arbors, 88 Arm, defined, 13 Barns, W. D., quoted, 63 Bass bark, 33 Bleeding, 22 Breaking-out, 23 Brocton, Training at, 37 Bull cane, 50, 66 Cane, defined, 13 Chautauqua County, Training in, 37 Contraction of wires, 30 Cornell, William T., 56 Cornhusks, for tying, 33 Crittenden training, 74 Cross-wire training, 74 Crotch Kniffin, 66 Double Kniffin, 66 Drooping systems, 56 Eight-cane Kniffin, 70 Fan training, 54 Forestville, Training at, 37 Four-cane Kniffin, 58 Fuller, quoted, 10, 34 Girdling, 69 Grafting, 90 Haviland, Sands, 72 Heading-in, 23 High Renewal training, 39 Hofer, A. F., 88 Horizontal Arm training, 34 Horizontal training, 83 Husks, for tying, 33 Improved Kniffin, 66 Kniffin systems, 58 Kniffin training, Comparison of, 26 Kniffin, William, 56 Low Kniffin, 69 Marlboro', Training at, 72, 74 Modified Kniffin, 63 Munson training, 78 Munson, T. V., 78 Objects of pruning, 24 Old vines, Remodeling of, 89 One-wire Kniffin, 69 Overhead Kniffin, 72 Planting, 20 Posts, 28 Post training, 85 Pruning, 11 Pruning, Objects of, 24 " of young vines, 20 " Summer, 23 " Time for, 22 Raffia, 32 Raphia Ruffia, 32 Reasons for pruning, 24 Remodeling old vines, 89 Renewal, defined, 18 Renewal Kniffin, 77 Rubbing off, 14, 23 Rye straw for tying, 33 Sagging of wires, 30 Setting, 20 Shoot, defined, 13 Six-cane Kniffin, 70 Spur, defined, 17 Spur training, 34 Staples, 29 Stopping, 23 Stripping, 22 Summer pruning, 23 Superfluous shoots, 23 Systems compared, 25 T-head, 41 Thomas' Fruit Culturist, quoted, 10 Tightening wires, 31 Trellis, Making, 27 True Kniffin, 58 Twine for tying, 32 Two-cane Kniffin, 66 Tying, 31 Umbrella training, 66 Upright training, 34 Walls, Training on, 89 Weeping, 22 Willows, for tying, 32 Wire, for trellis, 28 " for tying, 33 " weights and sizes, 29 Wool-twine, 32 Y-trunk Kniffin, 66 Yeoman's patent trellis, 30