American Indian Ways of Life: An Interpretation of the Archaeology of Illinois and Adjoining AreasDeuel, Thorne
History
American Indian Ways of Life: An Interpretation of the Archaeology of Illinois and Adjoining Areas
Deuel, Thorne
Illinois -- Antiquities; Indians of North America -- Illinois
As life grew easier, the family or local group increased in size. Sons
brought their wives to the family dwelling place and built windbreaks
near those of their parents. With food abundant the little settlement
became a small cluster of households or a hamlet consisting possibly of
sixty to seventy persons.
If Archaic Man Was Like Present-Day Archaic Tribes[8]
[Illustration: Fig. 5. Rock shelter near Cobden. Such shelters were
used by Archaic and succeeding peoples. (Photograph by Irvin
Peithmann)]
If Archaic man in Illinois lived as do present-day Archaic peoples, the
family or local group, though they restricted themselves during most of
the year to their hunting grounds which they guarded jealously from
trespassers, did not camp continuously in one spot. At appropriate
seasons of the year they rotated from one hamlet site to another to take
advantage of the food resources of that locality. In winter perhaps they
moved to a rock shelter, like that of Modoc in Randolph County,
Illinois, near the wooded valleys of streams emptying into the river
where deer and elk sought protection from the rigors of winter; in
spring to upland lakes for duck and other waterfowl; and in autumn to
wooded parklands to harvest acorns, hickory nuts, and berries. The spot
chosen for each hamlet location was generally one that had been so used
at that same season from time out of mind by the family and its
forebears.
[Illustration: Fig. 6. Primitive woman carrying a load with the aid
of a tumpline. (J.C.)]
It is probable, as among most primitive peoples, that men did only work
thought suitable to men, and women that appropriate for women. Men made
the weapons and tools they used, did the hunting and fishing, and the
fighting (when quarrels developed into feuds or wars between local
groups of the same tribe). The rest of the labor fell to the
women—caring for the children, collecting edible plants, clams and small
animals, preparing the food, and carrying burdens. All work was done by
hand; loads were carried on the back. It is possible that boats, perhaps
of dugout type, were used as among present-day Archaic peoples living on
waterways. There was no other specialization and each “household”
provided for the needs of all its members to the best of its ability. No
food was grown and no domestic animal except the dog was known.
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