ARCHAIC 7310±352 Graham Cave Missouri Montgomery ARCHAIC 7922±392 Modoc Rock Illinois Randolph Shelter PALEO-INDIAN 7934±350 Lubbock Site Texas Lubbock (Folsom)[2] (N.W.) PALEO-INDIAN 18,000 Sandia Cave New Mexico Bernalillo (Sandia) (Center) PALEO-INDIAN (?) 22,000 Tule Spring Nevada Clark Site (S.E.) PALEO-INDIAN 35,000 Lewisville Site Texas Denton (Clovis?)[4] [1]These dates are selected as giving a significant picture of sequence and contemporaneity of cultures. Dates based on shell specimens are excluded on account of their general unreliability. Adena sites are not included after 400 B.C. These are burial mounds and with their inferred customs may be present in two or more cultural units rather than constitute a feature characteristic of one. [2]An average of at least two dates for this period. [3]Average of three out of four dates. Libby’s second date disregarded as widely out of line. [4]Two samples gave identical results. Cultural identification as Clovis based on single spearhead is doubtful. PALEO-INDIANS, BIG GAME HUNTERS, DISCOVER A NEW WORLD (50,000? to 8,000? B.C.)[5] Man probably discovered America as early as 50,000 years ago and gradually occupied the two continents in the succeeding millenia. The first discoverers of the New World were of Mongolian racial stock as are the American Indians. They crossed from Siberia to Alaska over an existing land bridge, over ice, or possibly by wading or by boat over the shallow sea in the wake of mammoth, mastodon or musk ox herds on whose flesh they lived. Following in the path of the huge animals, they made their way possibly up the Yukon from its mouth to the divide, thence down into the Mackenzie Basin, and along a great river where now exist a chain of lakes and so into the Mississippi Valley. The migrants trailing each herd doubtless traveled in their several ways in family groups, uniting from time to time to trap and kill one of the great shaggy beasts. When the animals stopped, the families bedded down nearby in the most sheltered spots available taking care not to lose touch with the herd. These were wanderers, not explorers, nor were they seeking new homes; they were hunters that traveled where the herd led. [Illustration: Fig. 1. Archaic flint drill, stone hammer, and flint scraper as used in Archaic period and their modern steel counterparts. (B.B.)] [Illustration: Fig. 2. Paleo-Indians attack a mired-down mammoth. (B.G.P.)] [Illustration: Fig. 3. Paleo-Indian spearheads from the William Small collection. A, B, and C are Clovis points; D, a Folsom point. All are from Illinois.]