_The Hetman_; in Wallachia his business consists in carrying into execution the prince’s sentences in matters of judicature. He takes 10 _per cent._ on the value of the objects to which they relate. _Camarash_, or first chamberlain; the prince’s private treasurer, and judge over the Jews. He levies a duty upon all merchandise sold by retail for his own profit. _Armash_, or judge of criminal causes relating to the lower orders; he has the superintendency of the public prisons, and collects the tribute paid by the gypsies to government. _Agga_, or chief of the police within the city of Bukorest. _Portar-Bashi_; he directs the correspondence with the neighbouring Turkish Pashahs, and other governors. He also attends upon all the Turks of distinction who visit Bukorest. All the preceding offices give the rank of Boyars of the First Class to the persons who are appointed to them, and as such they wear their beards; they are all removed every year; but as they retain the titles until promotion, those in activity are distinguished from them by the additional one of “_great_,”—“_maray_,”—such as _Logothett-maray_, the Great Chancellor, &c. The Boyars of the Second Class are as follows:— _Caminar_, or collector of duties upon wine, brandy, tobacco, and snuff, brought to Bukorest for sale. _Paharnik_, or cup-bearer. At state dinners he stands behind the prince’s chair, and offers him to drink. _Comisso_, or master of the horse. _Stolnik_, chief steward at court. _Sardar_, chief or colonel of the guards. Third Class:— _Medelnitsher_; he receives the petitions addressed to the Hospodars, and reads all the papers at the divan. _Pittar_, superintendent of the prince’s equipages. _Sludgier_; he was formerly commissary to the regiment of body-guards: it is now an empty title. _Shatrar_, keeper of the prince’s tents. 2d Logothett All these are public clerks 2d Postelnik attached to the offices from 2d Vestiar which they derive their titles. 3d Logothett 3d Postelnik 3d Vestiar The renewal of public officers every year naturally creates great confusion in the transaction of public business. The custom arises from the circumstance that the Boyars, whose number in Wallachia amounts to nearly thirty thousand, claim public employment, at least, for a time, as a right to which they are each entitled. The first families, in particular, consider it as their birthright; but as their chief object is gain, they scramble for places with the most indecorous avidity, and never regard their want of capacity for any branch of public service. As every Boyar has some title or other, he is never addressed by his name in common intercourse, but by his title preceded by the ancient Greek one of “ἄρχον,” such as “Archon-Banno, Archon-Shatrar,” &c.