An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledgeWhitehead, Alfred North
Philosophy
An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledge
Whitehead, Alfred North
Knowledge, Theory of; Science -- Philosophy; Space and time
57.2 Consider an event stationary in the
time-system , and let be another time-system. Let
be the measure of the normal cross-sections of and
let be the measure of the oblique cross-sections made
by moments of . We require the ratio of
to .
Take (as usual) mutual axes for and , and let the
event-particle which is the origin lie in which is the
antecedent terminal moment of . Then is at the
-time zero, and let (the subsequent terminal moment) be
at the -time . Then if ()
be the -coordinates of the event-particle in which a
station (of the set composing the event ) intersects
, the -coordinates of the other end (the subsequent end)
of in are ().
Furthermore let ()
be the -coordinates of the antecedent end of , and let
()
be the -coordinates of the subsequent end of . Then
by the usual formulae [cf. subarticle 52.2]
But, by analogous reasoning to that for the elementary case of geometrical
parallelograms, the absolute extent of the event can be expressed as
and as
). Hence
.
57.3 The stations of duration of time-system
are portions of points of the time-less space of
[the -space].
Thus by prolonging the stations which constitute the stationary event
we obtain the assemblage of -points which is the complete
assemblage of -points intersecting the cross-sections of ,
each event-particle in each cross-section lying on one and only one such
-point and each of these -points intersecting each
cross-section in one event-particle. The assemblage of these
-points is a volume of the -space, and the successive
instantaneous volumes which are the normal cross-sections of
[stationary in ] each occupy this same volume in the
-space. Thus the stationary event during the lapse of
-time throughout which it endures is happening at the same place
in the -space.
But the successive oblique cross-sections of formed by moments of
another time-system are instantaneous volumes which
successively occupy different volumes in the -space. These
instantaneous volumes travel in the -space, sweeping over it
with the uniform velocity , namely the velocity due to
the time-system in the -space.
57.4 A 'normal slice' of a stationary event is the slice of it
cut off between any two normal cross-sections. An 'oblique slice' of a
stationary event is the slice of it cut off between any two parallel
oblique cross-sections. A normal slice of a stationary event is itself a
stationary event in the same time-system.
58. Motion of Objects. 58.1 A
material object is 'motionless' within a duration when throughout that
duration the material object and its extensive components are all
situated in stationary events.
In the case of a motionless material object, Law I for uniform objects
can be made more precise, as follows:
If be a material object motionless in the duration and
be the stationary event extending throughout in which it is
situated, then is situated in any oblique slice of .
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