An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledgeWhitehead, Alfred North
Philosophy
An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledge
Whitehead, Alfred North
Knowledge, Theory of; Science -- Philosophy; Space and time
If the determinate function be that of simple addition [so that,
being the quantities possessed respectively by
and its two extensive components, ], then the kind of
quantity will be called 'absolutely' extensive. When an extensive
quantity is not absolutely extensive, it will be called 'semi-extensive.'
59.2 It is usual in philosophical discussions to con- fine the
term 'extensive quantity' to what is here defined as 'absolutely
extensive quantity,' and to ignore entirely the occurrence of
semi-extensive quantities. But in physical science semi-extensive
quantities are well known. For example, consider a sphere of radius
uniformly charged with electricity throughout its volume. Divide
the sphere into two parts, namely a concentric nucleus of radius
and a shell of thickness . Then the electromagnetic mass of
the whole sphere is not the sum of the electromagnetic masses of these
two parts, but is to be calculated by a quadratic law from the charges.
A material object expresses the spatial distribution of a quantity of
'material,' when the quantity is absolutely extensive.
59.3 The volume-density, at a time in the
-space of a time-system , of the distribution of any
absolutely extensive quantity possessed by a material object is
calculated by the ordinary mathematical formula. Consider any
event-particle occupying the -point at
the -time . Let be the
measure of a volume in the -space which contains
; and let ′ be the extensive component of
located in , if there be such an extensive
component. Let be the measure of the quantity possessed by ′.
Then the limit of the ratio of to , as
is indefinitely diminished, is the density at
at the time of the material [i.e. of the
absolutely extensive quantity].
59.4 The above definitions contemplate quantities immediately
possessed by the extensive objects as such, for example, charges of
electricity and intensities of sense-objects. But there are also
quantities which are only mediately possessed by the objects, but are
immediately possessed by the events which are their situations. Such
quantities may vary with the variation in the situation of the object
mediately possessing them.
A mediately possessed quantity may for a certain type of material
objects satisfy the characteristic condition for an extensive quantity.
In that case it is an extensive quantity mediately possessed by that
type of material objects. All variable extensive quantities are of this
mediate character. A quantity mediately possessed by a material object
at a moment [i.e. at a time ] of a
time-system is the limit of the quantity possessed by the
successive converging situations of in the successive durations of
an abstractive class (of durations in the time-system which
converges to .
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