An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledgeWhitehead, Alfred North
Philosophy
An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledge
Whitehead, Alfred North
Knowledge, Theory of; Science -- Philosophy; Space and time
63. Geometrical Figures. 63.1 The
generalisation which introduces geometrical figures is an extreme
instance of the sort of generalisation already considered. Namely,
instead of generalising from a dark-blue figure to a sight-figure, we
pass to the concept of the relation of any sense-object to the volumes
of its situation. This concept of a figure, in which any particular
sense has been lost sight of, would be entirely without any counterpart
in perception, if it were not for the fact of perceptual objects. A
perceptual object is the association in one situation of a set of
sense-objects, in general 'conveyed' by the normal perception of one of
them. The high perceptive capacity of sense-figures leads to their
association in a generalised figure, which is the geometrical figure of
the object. Indeed, the insistent obviousness of the geometrical figure
is one reason for the perception of perceptual objects. The object is
not the figure, but our awareness of it is derived from our awareness of
the figure. The reason for discriminating the perceptual object from its
figure in that situation is that the physical object persists while its
figure changes. For example, a sock can be twisted into all sorts of
figures.
63.2 The current doctrine of different kinds of
space—tactual space, visual space, and so on—arises entirely
from the error of deducing space from the relations between figures.
With such a procedure, since there are different types of figures for
different types of sense, evidently there must be different types of
space for different types of sense. And the demand created the supply.
63.3 If however the modern assimilation of space and time is to
hold, we must then go further and admit different kinds of time for
different kinds of sense, namely a tactual time, a visual time, and so
on. If this be allowed, it is difficult to understand how the disjecta
membra of our perceptual experience manage to collect themselves into a
common world.
For example, it would require a pre-established harmony to secure that
the visual newspaper was delivered at the visual time of the visual
breakfast in the visual room and also the tactual newspaper was
delivered at the tactual time of the tactual breakfast in the tactual
room. It is difficult enough for the plain man—such as the present
author—to accept the miracle of getting the two newspapers into
the two rooms daily with such admirable exactitude at the same time. But
the additional miracle introduced by the two times is really incredible.
The procedure of this enquiry admits the different types of figures,
but rejects the different types of space.
CHAPTER XVIII
RHYTHMS
64. Rhythms. 64.1 The theory of
percipient objects is beyond the scope of this work of which the aim is
to illustrate the principles of natural knowledge by an examination of
the data and experiential laws fundamental for physical science. A
percipient object is in some sense beyond nature.
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