An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledgeWhitehead, Alfred North
Philosophy
An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledge
Whitehead, Alfred North
Knowledge, Theory of; Science -- Philosophy; Space and time
But nature includes life; and the way of conceiving nature developed in
the preceding chapter has its bearing on biological conceptions as to
the sense in which life can be said to be thus included.
64.2 An object is a characteristic of an event. Such an object
may be in fact a multiple relation between objects situated in various
parts of the whole event. In this case the quality of the whole is the
relationship between its parts, and the relation between the parts is
the quality of the whole. The whole event being what it is, its parts
have thereby certain defined relations; and the parts having all the
relations which they do have, it follows that the whole event is what it
is. The whole is explained by a full knowledge of the parts as
situations of objects, and the parts by a full knowledge of the whole.
Such an object is a pattern.
64.3 The discussion of life in nature has become canalised along
certain conventional lines based upon the traditional concepts of
science. We are aware of living objects. But the phrase 'living objects'
is misleading; we should more accurately say, 'objects expressing life,'
or 'life-bearing objects.' Namely, the individual life is, beyond
the mere object. There is not an object which, after being known as an
object, is then in itself judged to be alive. The specific recognisable
liveliness is the recognised character of the relation of the object to
the event which is its situation. Thus to say that the object is alive
suppresses the necessary reference to the event; and to say that an
event is alive suppresses the necessary reference to the object.
64.4 We have therefore to ask, what sort of events have life in
their relations to objects situated in them, and what sort of objects
have life in their relations to their situations? A life-bearing object
is not an 'uniform' object. Life (as known to us) involves the
completion of rhythmic parts within the life-bearing event which
exhibits that object. We can diminish the time-parts, and, if the
rhythms be unbroken, still discover the same object of life in the
curtailed event. But if the diminution of the duration be carried to the
extent of breaking the rhythm, the life-bearing object is no longer to
be found as a quality of the slice of the original event cut off within
that duration. This is no special peculiarity of life. It is equally
true of a molecule of iron or of a musical phrase. Thus there is no such
thing as life 'at one instant'; life is too obstinately concrete to be
located in an extensive element of an instantaneous space.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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