An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledgeWhitehead, Alfred North
Philosophy
An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledge
Whitehead, Alfred North
Knowledge, Theory of; Science -- Philosophy; Space and time
Note II. The book is dominated by the idea
[cf. 14.1] that the relation of extension has
a unique preeminence and that everything can be got out of it. During the
development of the theme, it gradually became evident that this is not
the case, and cogredience [cf. 16.4] had
to be introduced. But the true doctrine, that 'process' is the
fundamental idea, was not in my mind with sufficient emphasis. Extension
is derivative from process, and is required by it.
This failure to insist properly on 'process' is the reason for the
paradoxical air attaching to the statement that 'objects are only
derivatively in space and time by reason of their relations to events'
[cf. 15.2]. Objects are of course
essential for process, as appears clearly enough in the course of any
analysis of process. But it is evident that particular times cannot
result from the mere relations between objects which are at all times;
and analogously for space. Accordingly space and time must result from
something in process which transcends objects.
But natural objects require space and time, so that space and time
belong to their relational essence without which they cannot be
themselves.
In 15.4 it is pointed out that it is viâ
objects that the concept of possibility has application. This suggestion
requires further elaboration which cannot be attempted here. Similarly
in 15.8, it is pointed out that continuity
is derived from events, and atomicity from objects. This also requires
development. It must suffice for the moment to suggest that a scientific
object is an atomic structure imposed upon the continuity of events.
Part II should be read in connection with
Part IV at the end of the book.
Note III. Chapter VI is made clearer by
noting that the present duration [cf. 16.2]
is primarily marked out by the significance of an interconnected display
of sensa and of other associated objects immediately apparent. The duration
is the realisation of a social entity in which the sense-objects and
perceptual objects [cf. 23.9] are ingredient.
The antecedent physical objects [cf. 24.5]
and scientific objects [cf. 25] which
occasion the duration to be what it is are another story, and the
persistent habit of muddling the two sets of entities in
philosophy—following the lead of language—is the origin of
much confusion. For example there are four distinct meanings according
to which you can speak of a chair; you may mean (i) a collection of
sense-data, or (ii) a perceptual object, or (iii) a physical object, or
(iv) a collection of scientific objects, such as molecules or electrons.
It will be noted that I now make a distinction between perceptual
objects and physical objects, contrary to
24.5. Thus a physical object is a social entity resulting from
scientific objects, and halfway towards a perceptual object.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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