An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledgeWhitehead, Alfred North
Philosophy
An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledge
Whitehead, Alfred North
Knowledge, Theory of; Science -- Philosophy; Space and time
15.2 The change of an object is the diverse
relationships of the same object to diverse events. The object is
permanent, because (strictly speaking) it is without time and space; and
its change is merely the variety of its relations to the various events
which are passing in time and in space. This passage of events in time
and space is merely the exhibition of the relations of extension which
events bear to each other, combined with the directional factor in time
which expresses that ultimate becomingness which is the creative advance
of nature. These extensional relations of events are analysed in later
parts of this enquiry. But here we merely make clear that change in
objects is no derogation from their permanence, and expresses their
relation to the passage of events; whereas events are neither permanent
nor do they change. Events (in a sense) are space and time, namely,
space and time are abstractions from events. But objects are only
derivatively in space and time by reason of their relations to events.
15.3 The ways in which events and objects enter into experience
are distinct. Events are lived through, they extend around us. They are
the medium within which our physical experience develops, or, rather,
they are themselves the development of that experience. The facts of
life are the events of life.
Objects enter into experience by way of the intellectuality of
recognition. This does not mean that every object must have been known
before; for in that case there never could have been a first knowledge.
We must rid our imagination of the fallacious concept of the present as
instantaneous. It is a duration, or stretch of time; and the primary
recognition of an object consists of the recognition of its permanence
amid the partial events of the duration which is present. Its
recognition is carried beyond the present by means of recollection and
memory.
Rational thought which is the comparison of event with event would be
intrinsically impossible without objects.
15.4 Objects and events are only waveringly
discriminated in common thought. Whatever is purely matter of fact is an
event. Whenever the concept of possibility can apply to a natural
element, that element is an object. Namely, objects have the possibility
of recurrence in experience: we can conceive imaginary circumstances in
which a real object might occur. The essence of an object does not
depend on its relations, which are external to its being. It has in fact
certain relations to other natural elements; but it might (being the
same object) have had other relations. In other words, its self-identity
is not wholly dependent on its relations. But an event is just what it
is, and is just how it is related; and it is nothing else.
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