[123] No. 6514. [124] ‘Penitus denegatam,’ see _infra_, p. 89. [125] It is remarkable in this connection that ‘Transubstantiation’ was finally imposed on the faithful by the Lateran council of 1215. The term had not been previously used in theology. This was the very epoch of Michael Scot and of the introduction of alchemy in the West. [126] MS. Ricc. L. iii. 13. 119, p. 35vo. [127] ‘In quo talia continentur, Intencio, Causa Intencionis et Utilitas,’ etc. [128] See Appendix, No. III. [129] Pp. 192vo.-195vo. [130] The Paris MS. 6514 has these words: ‘Magister Galienus scriptor qui utitur in Episcopatu est alkimista et scit albificare eramen ita quod est album ut argentum commune.’ [131] Pp. 190ro.-192vo. [132] Pp. 185vo.-190ro. [133] Manuel Comnenus reigned as Emperor of the East from 1143 to 1180, while Frederick I. was Emperor of the West from 1152 to 1190. This would seem to indicate the twelfth century as the time when these works of the Pseudo Archelaus were produced. It is curious to notice that Manuel was the Emperor who suffered defeat by sea at the hands of George of Antioch the Sicilian admiral (Gibbon, chap. lvi.) This brave seaman was the same who founded the library of the Martorana in Palermo (see above, p. 25), and enriched it with the literary spoils of his conquests. It is highly probable that it was in this way the scholars of Sicily became acquainted with the Byzantine alchemy. [134] MS. Ricc. L. iii. 13. 119. pp. 19vo.-29ro. [135] Titles resembling this are not uncommon in the literature of alchemy. Thus the Paris MS. 6514 has two treatises, both called _Lumen Luminum_ and both ascribed to Rases. The latter of these, the _Liber Lumen Luminum et perfecti Magisterii_, is that which has been printed by Zetzner in the _Theatrum Chemicum_, under the name of Aristotle. It contains, as we have already observed, the _Liber XII. aquarum_ and other material derived from the _Liber Emanuelis_. The former treatise bearing the name of the _Liber Lumen Luminum_ in the Paris MS. (pp. 113-120) is remarkable on account of the words with which it closes: ‘explicit liber autoris invidiosi,’ which Berthelot notes, but does not attempt to explain. The _Mappa_ of the Pseudo-Archelaus mentions the ‘Liber invidiosus’ (‘quia liber iste invidiosus est ab omnibus hominibus’), but what may be the true reading of the matter is found in the _Liber Dyabesi_ or book of the distillation of the land-tortoise (MS. Ricc. p. 4ro.) where these words occur: ‘Omnia ista pondera fuerunt occulta a philosophis, et dederunt nobis alia pondera … quia fuerunt invidiosi,’ _i.e._ unwilling to make public the secrets of their art. In later days the title _Lumen Luminum_ is found in use by Raymond Lull and his school. [136] _Liber Luminis Luminum_, ii. 1. [137] Corpus Christi MS. cxxv. pp. 116-119. [138] In MS. Ricc. L. iii. 13, 119, No. 37.