[139] See on the whole subject the _Annales Minorum_ of Wadding, especially vol. i. p. 109. In vol. ii. p. 242, we find the reproof addressed by the Pope to Fra Elias. The words referred to above are these: ‘mutari color optimus auri ex quo caput (_i.e._ Franciscus) erat compactum.’ [140] For example, ‘quaedam gumma quae invenitur in alumine de pluma, et ista gumma est rubea, et gumma quae invenitur in alumine rubeo et ista gumma est preciosa et bona valde.’ The word becomes intelligible when read as ‘gemma.’ [141] Such as ‘Yader saracenus,’ ‘Arbaranus,’ ‘Theodosius saracenus,’ ‘Medibibaz,’ and ‘Magister Jacobus Judaeus.’ The name of the place ‘halaph’ which is probably Aleppo, and of the herb ‘carcha’ point in the same direction. [142] Bibl. Naz. Flor. MS. xvi. 142, see _supra_, p. 79. [143] Romanus de Higuera, a very doubtful authority. [144] This village gave name to another Moorish writer, Abu Gafar Ahmed ben Abd-el-Rahman ben Mohammed, also surnamed el Bitraugi. He died in 1147 and his fame survives as that of the author of an encyclopedia of science. [145] For the unfavourable judgment of Mirandola on this astronomer, see _infra_, p. 143. [146] See the excellent account in Munk. [147] _Recherches_, p. 133. [148] These are _Ancien Fonds_ 7399 and _Fonds de Sorbonne_ 1820. [149] ‘Qui vivit in aeternum per tempora.’ [150] There is a copy in the Barberini library (ix. 25 in fol. chart. saec. xv.) which reads ‘cum abuteo len̄ite.’ Another at Paris, MSS. lat. 1665 (olim Sorbonicus) has ‘c. Abuteo Levite.’ It would be rash to conjecture the sense of this curious phrase. It is evidently a sign of time, and perhaps astrological. [151] The Barberini MS. (ix. 25) gives 1221 as the date of the version, but the consensus of the other copies shows this to be a mistake. Almost all the MSS. mention that the work was done at Toledo. [152] See the references made to this work of Scot by Albertus Magnus and Vincent of Beauvais. [153] For the life and opinions of Averroës, see the excellent monograph _Averroës et l’Averroïsme_, which Renan published at Paris in 1866. I have drawn largely upon it in composing this chapter. [154] See _infra_, p. 128. Nicolas Damascenus was born B.C. 64. [155] This was purely Alexandrian doctrine: ‘enseñaron Plotino, Porfirio y Iamblico, que, en la union extatica, el alma y Dios se hacen uno, quedando el alma como aniquilada por el _golpe intuitivo_.’ Pelayo, _Heterodoxos Españoles_, vol. ii. p. 522.