A friend and co-laborer,--Skoda (1803-1881),--also a Bohemian, was little, if any, less famous. In 1839 he gave to the world his famous work on _Auscultation and Percussion_; in 1847 became professor at Prague, and was the first man to lecture in German. In spite of his bachelor peculiarities, his taciturnity, and his heedlessness, he was very popular, and left a fortune,--quite in contrast to Rokitansky, who died poor. His scientific merit was based upon the fact that he overthrew the specific and pathognomonic arrangement of sounds, as taught by the French, and substituted therefor a category, based upon the physical constitution and shape of organs and tissues. He endeavored to develop a strictly scientific system of physics out of the empirical French doctrine of physical signs, and in his work on _Physical Diagnosis_ he displayed an independent spirit, though as one who had received his impulse from France. He was the first in Germany to insist upon the merits{252} of Avenbrugger, and was the leading diagnostician of his time of the new Vienna school. Skoda was the first for whom was created, in Vienna, a specialty after the French model,--that is, a special division for patients suffering from thoracic diseases. Great as he was, we must yet lay it up against him that through his influence,--first in Vienna and afterward throughout Germany,--practical medicine degenerated into simple diagnosis, and that, by his observations on the natural course of disease, undisturbed by therapeutics, he became the founder and exponent of expectant or nihilistic therapeutics,--the harbinger of a very cheerless period in the history of medicine. CHAPTER X _Age of Transition (concluded).--New Vienna School (concluded): von Hebra, 1816-1880. Czermak and Türck, Jager, Arlt, Gruber, Politzer.--German School of Physiological Medicine: Roser, 1817-1888.--School of Rational Medicine: Henle, 1809-1855.--Pseudoparacelsism: Rademaclier, 1772-1849.--Hydrotherapcvtics: Priessnitz, 1799-1852.--Modern Vitalism: Virchow.--Seminalism: Bouchut.--Parasitism and the Germ-theory: Davaine, 18111882. Pasteur, 1822-1895. Chauveau, 1827--. Klebs, 1834--. F. J. Cohn, 1828--. Koch, 1843--. Lister, 1827--.--Advances in Physical Diagnosis: Laënnec, 1781-1826. Piorry, 1794-1879.--Surgery: Delpeeli, 1772-1832. Stromeyer, 1804-1876. Sims, 1813-1883. Bozeman, 1825--. McDowell, 1771-1830. Boyer, 1757-1853. Larrey, 1766-1842. Dupuy-tren, 1777-1835. Cloquet, 1790-1883. Civiale, 1792-1867. Vidal, 18031856. Velpeau, 1795-1868. Malgaigne, 1806-1865. Nélaton, 1807-1874. Sir Astley Cooper, 1748-1841. Brodie, 1783-1862. Guthrie, 1785-1856. Syme, 1799-1870. Simpson, 1811-1870. Langenbeck, 1810-1887. Billroth, 1819-1894._