The first truly scientific practitioner of orthopædic surgery in France was Delpech (1777-1832). of Toulouse, who{269} was likewise the pioneer in subcutaneous tenotomy of the tendo Achillis and in autoplastic operations. At his own expense he erected a large orthopaedic institute in Montpellier, and his death occurred while on his way to pay a visit to this institution, both he and his coachman being shot by an insane patient upon whom he had operated. Dupuytren's successor in the Hôtel-Dieu was Roux (1780-1854), who earned specific reputation as a dextrous and rapid operator; his labors in constructive and plastic surgery were extraordinary. The first to apply physical investigation to surgery was Lisfranc (1790-1847),--best remembered, perhaps, in connection with amputation of the foot. Marjolin (1770-1850) was a teacher of eminence, as were also Sanson (1790-1841) and Cloquet (1790-1883), though the latter is better remembered for his works on anatomy than for his exploits in surgery. Civialc (1792-1867) is chiefly famous for revamping the operation of lithotrity, for, though a lithotrite had been invented by d'Etoilles, Civiale was the first actual operator, for which he was fiercely opposed by Larrey, Sanson, Velpeau, and others; he lived to see his rivals confounded and lithotrity accepted as a legitimate surgical procedure. Amussat (1796-1856) reinvented torsion of arteries for the repression of haemorrhage, for, although this measure had been suggested by the ancients, it was held to be suitable only for very small vessels; he never held a professorship, yet at his residence were gathered so-called "conferences" that were attended by the most eminent medical men of the time; he is specially known in connection with the operation for opening the colon in the lumbar region. Pravaz was a surgeon of Lyons, whose name has been perpetuated by the small syringe--the original hypodermatic--which he devised. Vidal (1803-1856), of Cassis, made a reputation by his work on _Surgery_, in five volumes, which was extensively translated and reprinted throughout Europe. Jobert de Lamballe{270} (1799-1867) rose from abject poverty to a professorship and a seat in the Académie; he is particularly remembered for his achievements in plastic operations. Velpeau (1795-1868) in 1834 became the successor of Boyer; popular as a teacher, and an author of great fertility, he devoted attention alike to surgery and midwifery; his _Operative Surgery_, in three volumes, and a treatise on _Diseases of the Mammary Gland_ are still classics. Gerdy (1797-1856), like Velpeau, was the son of poverty-stricken parents; in 1833 he became a professor, and wrote extensively on bandages, dressings, and on operation for the radical cure of hernia. Bonnet (1802-1858) rendered great service to surgery by his researches upon diseases of the joints. Malgaigne (1806-1865), made Professor of Operative Surgery in Paris in 1865,