devoted great attention to surgical anatomy, operative and experimental surgery, and especially to fractures and dislocations,--his work on fractures is met with on many book-shelves to-day. Nélaton (1807-1874) was surgeon to Emperor Napoleon III, and, though he wrote little, became peculiarly eminent as a practitioner; his ingenious probe, tipped with porcelain, by means of which he located a bullet in the foot of Garibaldi, is well known. He devoted special attention to tuberculosis of bones and joints, being, perhaps, further instigated thereto by the case of the Prince Imperial; his treatise on this subject forms most acceptable reading to-day, and he taught the existence of osseous tuberculosis long before such was recognized in either Great Britain, Germany, or the United States. Were I to refer to living contemporaries of many of the celebrities just mentioned, I should speak with special reverence and esteem of Péan, Verneuil, and Oilier, who are to-day the greatest surgeons in France; but with their lives and labors any one may easily acquaint himself from sources which are at the command of all. I pass now to the Italians, who, since Scarpa's time, have{271} never made any very decided impression upon surgery, although there are many most excellent practitioners of the art in Italy; the best known are Porta (1800-1875), Vanzetta (born in 1809), and Rizzoli (who died in 1880); lliberi, Tizzoni, Loreta, Durante, and others are, perhaps, equally entitled to mention. Since the time of Gimbernat there have been no surgeons in Spain whose services have been sufficiently important to rouse special attention away from their native peninsula. The Spaniards are well educated, and well equipped for practice, but do not appear as great originators nor experimenters; doubtless because their medical schools and universities long since lost prestige, owing to clerical and Inquisitorial interference; nevertheless, Spanish medical literature has kept well abreast with that of other countries.