An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of AssentNewman, John Henry
Religion
An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent
Newman, John Henry
Faith; Theism
And such examination, as I have said, does but fulfil a law of our
nature. Our first assents, right or wrong, are often little more than
prejudices. The reasonings, which precede and accompany them, though
sufficient for their purpose, do not rise up to the importance and
energy of the assents themselves. As time goes on, by degrees and
without set purpose, by reflection and experience, we begin to confirm
or to correct the notions and the images to which those assents are
given. At times it is a necessity formally to undertake a survey and
revision of this or that class of them, of those which relate to
religion, or to social duty, or to politics, or to the conduct of
life. Sometimes this review begins in doubt as to the matters which we
propose to consider, that is, in a suspension of the assents hitherto
familiar to us; sometimes those assents are too strong to allow of
being lost on the first stirring of the inquisitive intellect, and if,
as time goes on, they give way, our change of mind, be it for good
or for evil, is owing to the accumulating force of the arguments,
sound or unsound, which bear down upon the propositions which we have
hitherto received. Objections, indeed, as such, have no direct force to
weaken assent; but, when they multiply, they tell against the implicit
reasonings or the formal inferences which are its warrant, and suspend
its acts and gradually undermine its habit. Then the assent goes; but
whether slowly or suddenly, noticeably or imperceptibly, is a matter
of circumstance or accident. However, whether the original assent is
continued on or not, the new assent differs from the old in this, that
it has the strength of explicitness and deliberation, that it is not
a mere prejudice, and its strength the strength of prejudice. It is
an assent, not only to a given proposition, but to the claim of that
proposition on our assent as true; it is an assent to an assent, or
what is commonly called a conviction.
Of course these reflex acts may be repeated in a series. As I
pronounce that “Great Britain is an island,” and then pronounce “That
‘Great Britain is an island’ has a claim on my assent,” or is to
“be assented-to,” or to be “accepted as true,” or to be “believed,”
or simply “is true” (these predicates being equivalent), so I may
proceed, “The proposition ‘that _Great-Britain-is-an-island_ is to be
believed,’ is to be believed,” &c., &c., and so on to _ad infinitum_.
But this would be trifling. The mind is like a double mirror, in
which reflexions of self within self multiply themselves till they
are undistinguishable, and the first reflexion contains all the
rest. At the same time, it is worth while to notice two other reflex
propositions:—“That ‘Great Britain is an island’ is probable” is
true;—and “That ‘Great Britain is an island’ is uncertain” is true:—for
the former of these is the expression of Opinion, and the latter of
formal or theological Doubt, as I have already determined.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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