An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of AssentNewman, John Henry
Religion
An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent
Newman, John Henry
Faith; Theism
The motions of the heavenly bodies are almost mathematical in their
precision; but there is a multitude of matters, to which mathematical
science is applied, which are in their nature intricate and obscure,
and require that reasoning by rule should be completed by the living
mind. Who would be satisfied with a navigator or engineer, who had no
practice or experience whereby to carry on his scientific conclusions
out of their native abstract into the concrete and the real? What is
the meaning of the distrust, which is ordinarily felt, of speculators
and theorists but this, that they are dead to the necessity of personal
prudence and judgment to qualify and complete their logic? Science,
working by itself, reaches truth in the abstract, and probability in
the concrete; but what we aim at is truth in the concrete.
This is true of other inferences besides mathematical. They come to
no definite conclusions about matters of fact, except as they are
made effectual for their purpose by the living intelligence which
uses them. “All men have their price; Fabricius is a man; he has his
price;” but he had not his price; how is this? Because he is more
than a universal; because he falls under other universals; because
universals are ever at war with each other; because what is called a
universal is only a general; because what is only general does not lead
to a necessary conclusion. Let us judge him by another universal. “Men
have a conscience; Fabricius is a man; he has a conscience.” Until we
have actual experience of Fabricius, we can only say, that, since he is
a man, perhaps he will take a bribe, and perhaps he will not. “Latet
dolus in generalibus;” they are arbitrary and fallacious, if we take
them for more than broad views and aspects of things, serving as our
notes and indications for judging of the particular, but not absolutely
touching and determining facts.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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