[15-1] There is nothing in this inconsistent with the principle laid down by Lecky: "The men of each age must be judged by the ideal of their own age and country, and not by the ideal of ourselves."--_The Political Value of History_, p. 50, New York, 1892. The distinction is that between the relative standard, which we apply to motives and persons, and the absolute standard, which we apply to actions. The effects of the latter, for good or evil, are fixed, and independent of the motives which prompt them. [17-1] "The historian," says Tolstoi, "is obliged to admit an inexplicable force, which acts upon his elementary forces." _Power and Liberty_, p. 28 (Eng. Trans., New York, 1888). [18-1] See his article "Ueber die Ideen in der Geschichte," in the _Zeitschrift fuer Voelkerpsychologie_.[TN-6] Bd. III., S. 486. [18-2] Brooks Adams, _The Law of Civilization and Decay_, Preface (London, 1895). This author has reached an advanced position with reference to thought and emotion as the impulses of humanity. [19-1] _Grundriss der ethnologischen Jurisprudenz_, Band I., s. 4. [19-2] _Mind and Motion_, pp. 29, 140, etc. (London, 1895.) Prof. Paulsen goes much further, as, "The inner disposition spontaneously determines the development of the individual," and "The organism is, as it were, congealed voluntary action."--_Introduction to Philosophy_, pp,[TN-7] 187, 190. [20-1] Before him, however, the expression "ebrius Deo" was applied to the ancient rhapsodists. [21-1] As expressed by Prof. Droysen, in his work, _Principles of History_, (p. 16, New York, 1893), recently translated by President Andrews, of Brown University--"Historical things are the perpetual actualization of the moral forces." Elsewhere he says--"History is humanity becoming conscious concerning itself,"[TN-8] There is no objection to such expressions; they are good as far as they go; but they do not go to the end. [21-2] In the _Zeitschrift fuer Voelkerpsychologie_, Band XI., Heft II. [21-3] _Ideen zur Geschichte der Menschheit_, B. XV., Cap. I. Transcriber's Note The following misspellings and typographical errors were maintained. Page Error TN-1 3 milleniums should read millenniums TN-2 8 developes should read develops TN-3 10 thought-tranference, should read thought-transference TN-4 fn. 6-2 Theil, should read Theil TN-5 fn. 12-1 expressing, should read expressing TN-6 fn. 18-1 _Voelkerpsychologie_. should read _Voelkerpsychologie_, TN-7 fn. 19-2 pp, should read pp. TN-8 fn. 21-1 itself," should read itself."