An examination of some methods employed in determining the atomic weight of CadmiumBucher, John Emery
History
An examination of some methods employed in determining the atomic weight of Cadmium
Bucher, John Emery
Cadmium; Thesis (Ph. D.)
chloride method was taken up.
The Chloride Method.
Huntington had determined the ratios of CdBr_{2} to AgBr and also
CdBr_{2} to Ag very carefully, obtaining the result 112.24 for the
atomic weight of cadmium. Morse and Jones had obtained 112.07 for this
constant by the oxide method. The object of the work about to be
described was to find the cause of this discrepancy if possible. It was
thought advisable however to make some determinations of the ratio of
CdCl_{2} to AgCl before beginning the bromide method.
Dumas, in 1859, used cadmium chloride to determine the atomic weight of
the metal. He did not establish its ratio to silver chloride but to
silver by titration. He prepared cadmium chloride by dissolving the
metal in hydrochloric acid and melting the resulting product in a
platinum capsule for five or six hours. He made two series of three
determinations. The chloride used in the first series was yellow in
places and not completely soluble. The result was 112.476. The second
series was made with chloride which was perfectly white and soluble and
gave 112.007 for the atomic weight of cadmium. It is evidently more
reliable than the first series and Dumas himself concluded that the
atomic weight is very near 112.01.
Preparation of Cadmium Chloride
Four different specimens of cadmium chloride were used in this work and
from these specimens portions were taken for analysis. These portions
were treated differently in different analyses, therefore it will be
necessary to give a brief descriptions of them and mention the number of
the determinations, in which each one was used. Chloride of cadmium was
prepared in the following manner. A solution of pure hydrochloric acid
was prepared by passing a current of hydrochloric acid gas into pure
water which was contained in a porcelain crucible until no more was
absolved. The water used had been purified by distilling against a
platinum dish and the hydrochloric acid gas was obtained by heating
ordinary concentrated chemically pure hydrochloric acid in a distilling
bulb whose neck had been closed by fusion in order to avoid the use of a
cork or rubber stopper. Hydrochloric acid thus prepared will leave no
residue on evaporation when air is excluded (Stas, Aronstein’s German
translation, p. 111). A piece of platinum foil freed from iron by
heating in the vapors of ammonium chloride as recommended by Stas
(Aronstein’s translation, p. 112) was introduced and a piece of cadmium
laid on it. Solution begins at once, the hydrogen being liberated on the
platinum foil. During the later part of the process, heat was applied.
After all of the metal had dissolved, the solution was evaporated, the
platinum foil having previously been removed. The crystals of cadmium
chloride which separated were not dried but allowed to remain slightly
moist with hydrochloric acid. If no platinum foil is used, the solution
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