In 12 cc. NH3 how many cubic centimeters of each element? In 2 1/2 cc? How much H by volume is required to combine with nine volumes of N? How many volumes of NH3 are produced? In elements that have not been weighed in the gaseous state, as C, the evidence of atomic volume is not direct, but we will assume it. Thus two volumes of marsh gas would separate into one of C and four of H. What is its symbol and supposed condensation? Two volumes of alcohol vapor resolve into two of C, six of H, and one of O. What is its symbol? its condensation? The symbol itself of a compound will usually show what its condensation is; e.g. HCl, HBr, HF, etc., have two atoms; hence there will be no shrinkage. In H2O, SO2, CO2, the molecule has three atoms condensed into the space of two, or one-third shrinkage. In NH3 four volumes are crowded into the space of two, a condensation of one-half. P, As, Hg, Zn, have exceptional atomic volumes. Chapter XV. ACIDS AND BASES. 66. What Acids Are. Experiment 39.--Pour a few drops of chlorhydric acid, HCl, into a clean evaporating-dish. Add 5 cc. H2O, and stir. Touch a drop to the tongue, noting the taste. Dip into it the end of a piece of blue litmus paper, and record the result. Thoroughly wash the dish, then pour in a few drops of nitric acid, HNO3, and 5 cc. H2O, and stir. Taste, and test with blue litmus. Test in the same way sulphuric acid, H2SO4. Name two characteristics of an acid. In a vertical line write the formulae of the acids above. What element is common to them all? Is the rest of the formula positive or negative? 67. An Acid is a substance composed of H and a negative element or radical. It has usually a sour taste, and turns blue litmus red. Litmus is a vegetable extract obtained from lichens in Southern Europe. Acids have the same action on many other vegetable pigments. Are the following acid formulae, and why? H2SO3, HBr, HNO2, H3PO3, H4SiO4. Most acids have O as well as H. Complete the symbols for acids in the following list, and name them, from the type given:-- HCl, chlorhydric acid. HN03, nitric acid. ?Br, ? ?Cl? ? ?I, ? ?Br? ? ?F, ? ?I? ? H3PO4, phosphoric acid. H3PO3, phosphorous acid. ?As? ? ?As? ? Complete these equations:-- H2SO3 - H2O = ? | 2 HN03 - H2O = ? H2SO4 - H2O = ? | 2 HNO2 - H2O = ? H2CO3 - H2O = ? | 2 H3AsO4 - 3 H2O = ? Are the products in each case metallic or non-metallic oxides? They are called anhydrides. Notice that each is formed by the withdrawal of water from an acid. Reverse the equations; as, SO3 + H2O = ? 68. An Anhydride is what remains after water has been removed from an acid; or, it is the oxide of a non- metallic element, which, united with water, forms an acid. SO2 is sulphurous anhydride, SO2 sulphuric anhydride, the ending ic meaning more O, or negative element, than ous. Name the others above.