159. Description.--Bromine at usual temperatures is a liquid element; it is the only common one except Hg; it. quickly evaporates on exposure to air. The chemistry of its manufacture is like that of Cl; its bleaching and disinfecting powers are similar to the latter, though they are not quite so strong as those of Cl. Its affinity for H and for metals is also strongly marked. A drop of Br on the skin produces a sore slow to heal. Bromine salts are mainly KBr, NaBr, MgBr2. These in small quantities accompany NaCl, and are most common in brine springs. The world's supply of Br comes chiefly from West Virginia and Ohio, over 300,000 pounds being produced from the salt (NaCl) wells there in 1884. The water taken from these wells is nearly evaporated, after which NaCl crystallizes out, leaving a thick liquid--bittern, or mother liquor--which contains the salts of Br. The bittern is treated with H2SO4 and Mn02, as above. For transportation in large quantities, Br has to be made into the salts NaBr and KBr, on account of the danger attending leakage or breakage of the receptacles for Br. 160. Uses.--Its chief uses are in photography (page 167), medicine, as KBr, and analytical chemistry. Chapter XXXII. IODINE. Examine iodine, potassium iodide. 161. Preparation of I. Experiment 98.--Put into a t.t. 2 or 3 g. of powdered KI mixed with an equal bulk of MnO2, add H2SO4 enough to cover well, shake together, complete the apparatus as for making Br, and heat. Notice the color of the vapor, and any sublimate. The direct product of the solidification of a vapor is called a sublimate. The process is sublimation. Observe any crystals formed. Write the reaction, and compare the process with that for making Br and Cl. Compare the vapor density of I with that of Br and of Cl. With that of air. What vapor is heavier than I? What acid and what base are represented by KI? 162. Tests. Experiment 99.--(1) Put a crystal of I in the palm of the hand and watch it for a minute. (2) Put 2 or 3 crystals into a t.t., and warm it, meanwhile holding a stirring-rod half-way down the tube. Notice the vapor, also a sublimate on the sides of the t.t. and rod. (3) Add to 2 or 3 crystals in a t.t. 5 cc. of alcohol, C2H5OH; warm it, and see whether a solution is formed. If so, add 5 cc. H2O and look for a ppt. of I. Does this show that I is not at all soluble in H2O, or not so soluble as in alcohol? 163. Starch Solution and Iodine Test. Experiment 100.--Pulverize a gram or two of starch, put it into an evaporating-dish, add 4 or 5 drops of water, and mix; then heat to the boiling-point 10 cc. H2O in a t.t., and pour it over the starch, stirring it meanwhile.