60. Rationalism. 61. Empiricism. 62. Criticism. 63. Critical Empiricism. 64. Pragmatism. PART V THE PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES CHAPTER XVI LOGIC 65. Introductory; the Philosophical Sciences. 66. The Traditional Logic. 67. The "Modern" Logic. 68. Logic and Philosophy. CHAPTER XVII PSYCHOLOGY 69. Psychology and Philosophy. 70. The Double Affiliation of Psychology. CHAPTER XVIII ETHICS AND AESTHETICS 71. Common Sense Ethics. 72. Ethics and Philosophy. 73. Aesthetics. CHAPTER XIX METAPHYSICS 74. What is Metaphysics? 75. Epistemology. CHAPTER XX THE PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION 76. Religion and Reflection. 77. The Philosophy of Religion. CHAPTER XXI PHILOSOPHY AND THE OTHER SCIENCES 78. The Philosophical and the Non-philosophical Sciences. 79. The study of Scientific Principles and Methods. PART VI ON THE STUDY OF PHILOSOPHY CHAPTER XXII THE VALUE OF THE STUDY OF PHILOSOPHY 80. The Question of Practical Utility. 81. Why Philosophical Studies are Useful. 82. Metaphysics and the Philosophy of Religion. CHAPTER XXIII WHY WE SHOULD STUDY THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY 83. The Prominence given to the Subject. 84. The Especial Importance of Historical Studies to Reflective Thought. 85. The Value of Different Points of View. 86. Philosophy as Poetry and Philosophy as Science. 87. How to read the History of Philosophy. CHAPTER XXIV SOME PRACTICAL ADMONITIONS 88. Be prepared to enter upon a New Way of Looking at Things. 89. Be willing to consider Possibilities which at first strike one as Absurd. 90. Do not have too much Respect for Authority. 91. Remember that Ordinary Rules of Evidence Apply. 92. Aim at Clearness and Simplicity. 93. Do not hastily accept a Doctrine. NOTES AN INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY I. INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER I THE MEANING OF THE WORD "PHILOSOPHY" IN THE PAST AND IN THE PRESENT I must warn the reader at the outset that the title of this chapter seems to promise a great deal more than he will find carried out in the chapter itself. To tell all that philosophy has meant in the past, and all that it means to various classes of men in the present, would be a task of no small magnitude, and one quite beyond the scope of such a volume as this. But it is not impossible to give within small compass a brief indication, at least, of what the word once signified, to show how its signification has undergone changes, and to point out to what sort of a discipline or group of disciplines educated men are apt to apply the word, notwithstanding their differences of opinion as to the truth or falsity of this or that particular doctrine. Why certain subjects of investigation have come to be grouped together and to be regarded as falling within the province of the philosopher, rather than certain other subjects, will, I hope, be made clear in the body of the work. Only an indication can be given in this chapter.