The freshwater Fish-fauna of Spain and Portugal was almost unknown, until _F. Steindachner_ paid some visits to those countries for the purpose of exploring the principal rivers. His discoveries are described in several papers in the “Sitzungsberichte der Akademie zu Wien.” _B. du Bocage_ and _F. Capello_ contributed towards the knowledge of the marine fishes on the coast of Portugal. (“Jorn. Scienc. Acad. Lisb.”) H. _North America._ 1. _J. Richardson_, “Fauna Boreali Americana.” Part III. Fishes. (Lond. 1836, 4to.) The species described in this work are nearly all from the British possessions in the North. 2. _Dekay_, “Zoology of New York.” Part IV. Fishes. (New York, 1842, 4to.) 3. “Reports of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries.” (5 vols. Washingt. 1873–79, 8vo. In progress. Contains most valuable information.) Besides these works, numerous descriptions of North American freshwater fishes have been published in the Reports of the various U. S. Government expeditions, and in North American scientific journals, by _Storer_, _Baird_, _Girard_, _W. O. Ayres_, _Cope_, _Jordan_, _Brown Goode_, etc.; but a good general, and especially critical, account of the fishes of the United States is still a desideratum. I.--_Japan._ 1. “Fauna Japonica.” Poissons par _H. Schlegel_. (Lugd. Bat. 1850, fol.) J.--_East Indies; Tropical parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans._ 1. _E. Rüppell_, “Atlas zu der Reise im Nördlichen Afrika.” (Frankf. 1828, fol.) 2. _E. Rüppell_, “Neue Wirbelthiere. Fische.” (Frankf. 1837, fol.) These two works form the standard works for the student of the Fishes of the Red Sea, and are distinguished by a rare conscientiousness and faithfulness of the descriptions and figures; so that there is no other part of the tropical seas, with the fishes of which we are so intimately acquainted, as with those of the Red Sea. But these works have a still wider range of usefulness, in as much as only a small proportion of the fishes is limited to that area, the majority being distributed over the Indian Ocean into Polynesia. Rüppel’s works were supplemented by the two first of the following works:-- 3. _R. L. Playfair_ and _A. Günther_, “The Fishes of Zanzibar.” (Lond. 1866, 4to); and 4. _C. B. Klunzinger_, “Synopsis der Fische des Rothen Meers.” (Wien. 1870–1, 8vo.) 5. _T. Cantor_, “Catalogue of Malayan Fishes.” (Calcutta, 1850, 8vo.) 6. _F. Day_, “The Fishes of India.” (Lond. 1875, 4to, in progress); contains an account of the freshwater and marine species, and is not yet complete. 7. _A. Günther_, “Die Fische der Südsee.” (Hamburg, 4to; from 1873, in progress.)