CHAPTER XV. DISTRIBUTION OF FISHES IN TIME 193 Oldest fish-remains, 193--Devonian fishes, 194--Carboniferous, 196--Permian, 197--Triassic, 197--Liassic, 198--Oolitic, 199--Cretaceous, 199--Tertiary, 200--Post-pliocene, 201. CHAPTER XVI. THE DISTRIBUTION OF EXISTING FISHES OVER THE EARTH’S SURFACE.--GENERAL REMARKS 202 Freshwater-, Marine-, and Brackish-water Fishes, 202--Changes of the habitat of numerous fishes, active, 203--or dependent on geological changes, 204--Agencies operating upon the distribution of Freshwater and Marine fishes, 205. CHAPTER XVII. THE DISTRIBUTION OF FRESHWATER FISHES 208 List of Freshwater Fishes, 208--Continuous and interrupted range of distribution, 209--The ways of dispersal of Freshwater fishes, 211--A wide range of a type is not necessarily proof of its antiquity, 212--Each fauna is composed of ancient, autochthont, and immigrant species, 213--Division of the globe into zoological regions; freshwater fishes have been spread in circumpolar zones, 215--Cyprinidæ and Siluridæ, most important families in recognising the zoo-geographical regions, 216--Division of the faunæ of Freshwater fishes, 217--I. _Equatorial Zone_, 218--Indian Region, 220--African Region, 227--Tropical American or Neotropical Region, 233--Tropical Pacific Region, 238--II. _Northern Zone_, 240--Europe-Asiatic or Palæarctic Region, 243--North American or Nearctic Region, 246--III. _Southern Zone_, with Tasmanian, New Zealand, and Fuegian Sub-regions, 248. CHAPTER XVIII. THE FISHES OF THE BRACKISH WATER 251 CHAPTER XIX. THE DISTRIBUTION OF MARINE FISHES 255 Shore-fishes, Pelagic, and Deep-sea fishes, 255--List of Shore-fishes, 257--Oceanic areæ as determined by Shore-fishes, 259--Distribution of Shore-fishes compared with that of Freshwater-fishes, 260--I. _Arctic Ocean_, 261--II. _Northern Temperate Zone_, 262--Temperate North-Atlantic, 262--with British, 263--Mediterranean, 264--and North American districts, 266--Temperate North-Pacific, 268--with Kamtschatkan, 269--Japanese, 270--and Californian districts, 271--III. _Equatorial Zone_, 272--with Tropical Atlantic, 278--Indo-Pacific Ocean, 278--and the Pacific Coasts of Tropical America, 279--IV. _Southern Temperate Zone_, 281--with the Cape of Good Hope, 283--South Australia and New Zealand, 283--Chile, 288--and Patagonia, 289--V. _Antarctic Ocean_, 289. CHAPTER XX. DISTRIBUTION OF PELAGIC FISHES 292 CHAPTER XXI.