The principal parts of a ship also, which are here reduced into a narrow compass, will be represented at large in different places of this work, to illustrate those explanations whither it may be necessary to refer, in order to understand the subject more clearly. Thus the stern, the quarter, the midship-frame, the bow and head, of a ship of 74 guns, are exhibited on a scale of ¼ of an inch to a foot; by which all the subordinate parts may be distinctly viewed, and their combination and arrangement sufficiently understood. ARMED-SHIP, _vaisseau armé en guerre_, a vessel occasionally taken into the service of the government in time of war, and employed to guard some particular coast, or attend on a fleet. She is therefore armed and equipped in all respects like a ship of war, and commanded by an officer of the navy, who has the rank of master and commander. All ships of this sort are upon the establishment of the king’s sloops, having a lieutenant, master, purser, surgeon, &c. ASHORE, (from _a_ and _shore_) on the shore, or land, as opposed to aboard. A ship is said to be ASHORE, _echoué_, when she has run upon the ground, or on the sea-coast, either by design or accident. ASTERN, _au derriere_, (from _a_ and _steorn_, Sax.) any distance behind a ship, as opposed to _a-head_, which is before her. Thus, when south is _a-head_, or on the line to which the stem is directed, north will be _astern_. ATHWART, _par le travers_, (from _a_ and _twert_, Dan. transverse) when used in navigation, implies across the line of the course; as, we discovered a fleet at day-break standing _athwart_ us, i. e. steering across our way. ATHWART-HAUSE, the situation of a ship when she is driven by the wind, tide, or other accident, across the fore-part of another. This phrase is equally applied when the ships bear against each other, or when they are at a small distance; the transverse position of the former to the latter being principally understood. ATHWART _the fore-foot_, a phrase employed to denote the flight of a cannon-ball, as fired from one ship across the line of another’s course, to intercept the latter, and compel her to shorten sail till the former approaches near enough to examine her. The _fore-foot_ is the lower part of the stem; so that the shot flying across it is said to be fired _athwart the fore-foot_. ATHWART-SHIPS, reaching across the ship, from one side to the other. ATRIP (_trepor_, Fr. _trippen_, Dutch) is applied differently to the anchor and the sails. The anchor is _atrip_, _derangée_, when it is drawn out of the ground in a perpendicular direction, either by the cable or buoy-rope. The top-sails are said to be _atrip_, when they are hoisted up to the mast-head, or to their utmost extent.