To. "Religion and Morality" = GRAF LEO TOLSTOJ, _Religion und Moral. Antwort auf eine in der "Ethischen Kultur" gestellte Frage, deutsch von Sophie Behr_ (Berlin 1894). To. "What I Believe" = GRAF LEO TOLSTOJ, _Worin besteht mein Glaube? Eine Studie, deutsch von Sophie Behr_ (Leipzig 1885). To. "What Shall We Do" = GRAF LEO TOLSTOJ, _Was sollen wir also thun? deutsch von August Scholz_ (Berlin 1891). Tripels = "Discours de Tripels," in _Congres international d'anthropologie criminelle, compte rendu des travaux de la quatrieme session, tenue a Geneve du 24 au 29 aout 1896_ (Geneve 1897) pp. 253-4. Tucker = BENJ. R. TUCKER, _Instead of a Book. By a Man Too Busy to Write One. A fragmentary exposition of philosophical Anarchism_ (New York 1893). Van Hamel = VAN HAMEL, "L'Anarchisme et le Combat contre l'anarchisme au point de vue de l'anthropologie criminelle," in _Congres international d'anthropologie criminelle, compte rendu des travaux de la quatrieme session, tenue a Geneve du 24 au 29 aout 1896_ (Geneve 1897) pp. 254-7. Zenker = E. V. ZENKER, _Der Anarchismus. Kritische Geschichte der anarchistischen Theorie_ (Jena 1895). FOOTNOTE: [1] Entitled "The Ego and His Own." N. Y., Benj. R. Tucker, 1907. INTRODUCTION 1. We want to know Anarchism scientifically, for reasons both personal and external. We wish to penetrate the essence of a movement that dares to question what is undoubted and to deny what is venerable, and nevertheless takes hold of wider and wider circles. Besides, we wish to make up our minds whether it is not necessary to meet such a movement with force, to protect the established order or at least its quiet progressive development, and, by ruthless measures, to guard against greater evils. 2. At present there is the greatest lack of clear ideas about Anarchism, and that not only among the masses but among scholars and statesmen. Now it is a historic law of evolution[2] that is described as the supreme law of Anarchism, now it is the happiness of the individual,[3] now justice.[4] Now they say that Anarchism culminates in the negation of every programme,[5] that it has only a negative aim;[6] now, again, that its negating and destroying side is balanced by a side that is affirmative and creative;[7] now, to conclude, that what is original in Anarchism is to be found exclusively in its utterances about the ideal society,[8] that its real, true essence consists in its positive efforts.[9] Now it is said that Anarchism rejects law,[10] now that it rejects society,[11] now that it rejects only the State.[12] Now it is declared that in the future society of Anarchism there is no tie of contract binding persons together;[13] now, again, that Anarchism aims to have all public affairs arranged for by contracts between federally constituted communes and societies.[14]