child of the nineteenth century, as an atheist, who cannot postpone the redress of injustice into another life, she became a social revolutionary." [11] Her books, _Le Livre de Miseres_ and _Prise de Possession_, were not procurable by me, and I had to depend upon Ossip Zetkin's sketch of her in _Charakterkoepfen aus der franzoesischen Arbeiterbewegung_, pp. 40-48, Berlin, 1893, and the _Volkslexikon, l. c._ Her career shows the unselfishness and self-sacrifice with which Louise Michel carried out her ideas. She was born in 1836 at the French castle of Broncourt; she calls herself "a bastard"; her mother was a simple peasant girl, an orphan without either brothers or sisters, brought up in the castle, and seduced by the son of its owner. The young man's parents decided that Louise and her mother should remain in the castle, as an act of justice, not of kindness. After the death of her grandparents Louise left the castle with her mother in 1850, passed her examination as a teacher, and, as she would not take the oath necessary for holding office in Napoleonic France, she opened a "free school," _i. e._, a private school in a little village. In 1856 she came to Paris as assistant teacher in another private school, lived in extreme poverty, took a most active part in the struggles of the Commune in May, 1871, was taken prisoner and was to have been shot, but was condemned in December, 1871, to be transported to New Caledonia, whence she returned in 1880, in consequence of the general amnesty then given. She took part in editing Anarchist journals, and was condemned in 1886 to five years' imprisonment "for incitement to plunder." After three years she was pardoned by the President, but "she regarded this as a disgraceful insult," against which she protested violently, and absolutely refused to accept it, so that she had to be turned out of prison by force. Since then she has lived in London, where she acts as head of the "_Reveil International des Femmes_," an organisation possessing a journal and preaching an exceedingly confused and old-maidish form of female emancipation. * * * * * Around these figures of modern French Anarchism are grouped a number of theorists of inferior rank, partly belonging to the literary aftergrowth and Bohemia, partly learned persons, contributors to the _Revolte_, the _Pere Peinard_, the _Revue Anarchiste_, the _L'en Dehors_, and other Anarchist prints in Paris,[12] mostly of a very ephemeral character. [12] _Cf._ F. Dubois, _Le Peril Anarchiste_, pp. 93-120; mostly superficial, but good on this topic.