TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE: —Obvious print and punctuation errors were corrected. [Illustration: Michael J. Schaack.] ANARCHY AND ANARCHISTS. A HISTORY OF THE RED TERROR AND THE SOCIAL REVOLUTION IN AMERICA AND EUROPE. COMMUNISM, SOCIALISM, AND NIHILISM IN DOCTRINE AND IN DEED. THE CHICAGO HAYMARKET CONSPIRACY, AND THE DETECTION AND TRIAL OF THE CONSPIRATORS. BY MICHAEL J. SCHAACK, CAPTAIN OF POLICE. WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS FROM AUTHENTIC PHOTOGRAPHS, AND FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS BY WM. A. MCCULLOUGH, WM. OTTMAN, LOUIS BRAUNHOLD, TRUE WILLIAMS, CHAS. FOERSTER, O. F. KRITZNER, AND OTHERS. [Illustration] CHICAGO: F. J. SCHULTE & COMPANY. NEW YORK AND PHILADELPHIA: W. A. HOUGHTON. ST. LOUIS: S. F. JUNKIN & CO. PITTSBURG: P. J. FLEMING & CO. MDCCCLXXXIX. COPYRIGHT, 1889, BY MICHAEL J. SCHAACK. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. _THE ILLUSTRATIONS IN THIS WORK ARE ALL ORIGINAL, AND ARE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT._ TO HON. JOSEPH E. GARY AND TO HON. JULIUS S. GRINNELL THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. IT has seemed to me that there should be a history of the development, the revolt, and the tragedy of Anarchy in Chicago. This history I have written as impartially and as fairly as I knew how to write it. I have kept steadily before my eyes the motto,— “Nothing extenuate, nor set down aught in malice.” It will be found in the succeeding pages that neither animosity against the revolutionists, nor partiality to the State, has influenced the work. I have dealt with this episode in Chicago’s history as calmly and as fairly as I am able. I have tried to put myself in the position of the misguided men whose conspiracy led to the Haymarket explosion and to the gallows; to understand their motives; to appreciate their ideals—for so only could this volume be properly written. And to present a broader view, I have added a history of all forms of Socialism, Communism, Nihilism and Anarchy. In this, though necessarily brief, it has been the purpose to give all the important facts, and to set forth the theories of all those who, whether moderate or radical, whether sincerely laboring in the interests of humanity or boisterously striving for notoriety, have endeavored or pretended to improve upon the existing order of society.