=Occipital Bone.= =Os occipitale= (Figs. 17 and 18).--The occipital bone forms the most caudal portion of the cranium, entering into the formation of its caudal wall and of its base. It connects the cranium with the vertebral column and surrounds a large opening, the =foramen magnum= (_d_), by means of which the cranial cavity communicates with the vertebral canal. [Illustration: FIG. 17.--OCCIPITAL BONE, CAUDAL OR OUTER SURFACE. FIG. 18.--OCCIPITAL BONE, INNER SURFACE. _a_, basilar portion; _b_, lateral portions; _c_, squamous portion; _d_, foramen magnum; _e_, occipital condyles; _f_, jugular processes; _g_, jugular notch; _h_, lambdoidal ridge; _i_, external occipital crest; _j_, external occipital protuberance.] In young kittens four portions may be distinguished in this bone. These are, a basal portion (the =basioccipital bone=), two lateral portions (the =exoccipital bones=), and a dorsal portion (the =supraoccipital bone=). These four bones remain separate through life in many lower vertebrates. In the adult cat they are completely united into a single bone, but it is convenient to describe this bone as made up of four parts: a basal portion (_a_) (=pars basilare=), corresponding to the basioccipital, two lateral portions (_b_) (=partes laterales=), corresponding to the exoccipitals, and a squamous portion (_c_) (=squama occipitalis=) corresponding to the supraoccipital. The basilar portion (_a_) as seen from the dorsal or ventral surface is oblong and flattened. It is broadest at the junction of its middle and last thirds, and tapers toward both ends. It presents a cranial end and a caudal end, a dorsal, a ventral, and two lateral surfaces. Its caudal end, which helps to form the ventral boundary of the foramen magnum, is concave from side to side. The cranial end is transversely elongate, about five times as broad as high, pointed laterally and roughened for attachment to the caudal end of the body of the sphenoid, which has a corresponding form. The joint is a synchondrosis. The dorsal surface is concave from side to side, forming a longitudinal groove in which rest the pons and medulla. The concavity is more pronounced caudad, where the bone is thinner at its middle. The ventral surface is marked by three parallel longitudinal ridges. One of them is median and expands caudad into a smooth triangular elevated area which extends to the foramen magnum. The other two ridges run near the lateral edges of the bone. Between them and the median ridge the surface is smooth and is depressed caudad. Laterad of each lateral ridge is a rough triangular surface overlaid in the natural state by the medial edge of the tympanic bulla. The lateral surfaces are smooth and sharp and abut against the petrous portion of the temporal bone. They pass into the lateral portions of the occipital caudad.