Peruvian ruins, where found, 222, 237; they represent two periods of civilization, 226; remains on islands in Lake Titicaca, 227-8; at Tiahuanaco, 233-4; remarkable monolithic gateways, 233-4; at old Huanuco, 239-40; at Gran-Chimu, 237-8; ruins of a large and populous city, 237; Cuelap, 239; Pachacamac, 243; subterranean passage under a river, 243; the aqueducts, 222, 237, 243; the great roads, 243-6; ruins at Cuzco, 234. Phœnicians, or people of that race, came probably to America in very ancient times, 172, 173; decline of geographical knowledge around the Ægean after Phœnicia was subjugated, about B.C. 813, 272-3; supposed Phœnician symbols in Central America, 186; Phœnician race may have influenced Central American civilization, but did not originate it, 173, 185; Tyrians storm-driven to America, 162, 163. Pizarro seeks Peru, 224-5; discovers the country, 225; goes to Spain for aid, 225; finally lands at Tumbez, 225; marches to Caxamalca, 220; perpetrates wholesale murder and seizes the Inca, 220; the Inca fills a room with gold for ransom, and is murdered, 220, 249. “Popol-Vuh,” an old Quiché book translated, 192; what it contains, 193; Quiché account of the creation, 194; four attempts to create man, 194-5; its mythology grew out of an older system, 193-4; kingdom of Quiché not older than 1200 A.D., 193. Pueblos, 76, 77; Pueblo ruins, 77-89; occupied northern frontier of the Mexican race, 68, 217-18; unlike the wild Indians, 67-8. Quichés, notices of, 193. Quippus, Peruvian, 254-5. Quirigua, its ruins like those of Copan, but older, 114; it is greatly decayed, 117; has inscriptions, 117. Quito subjugated by Huayna-Capac, 225; was civilized like Peru, 270; modern traveler’s remark on, 276. Savage theory of human history, 182. “Semi-Village Indians,” 67, 68. Serpent, figures of, 28; great serpent inclosure, 28. Simpson, Lieut., describes a Pueblo ruin, 88, 89. Spinning and weaving in Peru, 247; vestiges of these arts among the Mound-Builders, 41; the Mayas had textile fabrics, 209. Squier on the Aztecs, 92; on the more southern ruins in Central America, 123, 124; on the monoliths of Copan, 112; on Central American forests, 94; on the ruins of Tiahuanaco, 234. Telescopic tubes of the Mound-Builders, 42; silver figure of a Peruvian using such a tube, 254; such a tube on a Mexican monument, 123. “Tennis Court” at Chichen-Itza, 142. Titicaca Lake, its elevation above sea-level, 236. Tlascalans, what Cortez found among them, 210; their capital, 211; aided the Spaniards, 211. Toltecs identified with the Mound-Builders, 201-205; how they came to Mexico, 201, 202; date of their migration, 204. See Huehue Tlapalan. Tuloom, in Yucatan, 150.