CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGE. INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER II. ANCIENT SHIPS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND RED SEAS 5 CHAPTER III. ANCIENT SHIPS IN THE SEAS OF NORTHERN EUROPE 55 CHAPTER IV. MEDIAEVAL SHIPS 65 CHAPTER V. MODERN WOODEN SAILING-SHIPS 112 APPENDIX DESCRIPTION OF AN ARCHAIC GREEK BIREME 157 INDEX 161 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. FIG. PAGE *1. EGYPTIAN SHIP OF THE PUNT EXPEDITION. ABOUT 1600 B.C. _From Der-Bahari_ _Frontispiece_ 2. THE OLDEST KNOWN SHIPS. ABOUT 6000 B.C. 10 3. EGYPTIAN BOAT OF THE TIME OF THE THIRD DYNASTY 11 +4. EGYPTIAN BOAT OF THE TIME OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY 13 *5. NILE BARGE CARRYING OBELISKS. ABOUT 1600 B.C. 20 6. BATTLESHIP OF RAMSES III. ABOUT 1200 B.C. 24 7. PORTION OF A PHOENICIAN GALLEY. ABOUT 700 B.C. _From Kouyunjik (Nineveh)_ 27 8. GREEK UNIREME. ABOUT 500 B.C. 30 9. GREEK BIREME. ABOUT 500 B.C. 31 10. FRAGMENT OF A GREEK GALLEY SHOWING ABSENCE OF DECK. ABOUT 550 B.C. 32 11. GALLEY SHOWING DECK AND SUPERSTRUCTURE. ABOUT 600 B.C. _From an Etruscan imitation of a Greek vase_ 34 12. GREEK MERCHANT-SHIP. ABOUT 500 B.C. 39 13. ROMAN MERCHANT-SHIP 40 +14. PROBABLE ARRANGEMENT OF OAR-PORTS IN ANCIENT GALLEYS 48 15. SUGGESTED ARRANGEMENT OF OAR-PORTS IN AN OCTOREME 48 16. ROMAN GALLEY. ABOUT 110 A.D. 49 17. LIBURNIAN GALLEY. CONJECTURAL RESTORATION 50 18. STEM AND STERN ORNAMENTS OF GALLEYS 52 19. BOW OF ANCIENT WAR-GALLEY 53 20. BOW OF ANCIENT WAR-GALLEY 54 21. ANGLO-SAXON SHIP. ABOUT 900 A.D. 57 22-26. VIKING SHIP 60 27. ONE OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR'S SHIPS. 1066 A.D. 66 *28. SANDWICH SEAL. 1238 71 *29. DOVER SEAL. 1284 72 *30. POOLE SEAL. 1325 75 31. VENETIAN GALLEY. FOURTEENTH CENTURY 78 32. CROSS-SECTION OF A VENETIAN GALLEON 79 33. VENETIAN GALLEON. 1564 80 34. ITALIAN SAILING-SHIP. FIFTEENTH CENTURY 81