From the above description it is not difficult to see how the galley, with two tiers of oars, came to be evolved from the more primitive unireme. First, a flying deck was added for the accommodation of the upper tier of rowers. It formed no part of the structure of the ship, but was supported on the latter by means of struts, or pillars. The spaces between the hull and the flying deck at the two ends of the galley were closed in by a raised forecastle and poop. These additions were necessary in order to keep the vessel dry, and attempts were no doubt made to give protection to the remainder of the sides by means of the patches of light awning mentioned above. The step from this to carrying the structure of the sides up bodily, till they met the upper deck, and of cutting portholes for the lower tier of oars, would not be a long one, and would produce the type of bireme illustrated on p. 31 (Fig. 9). FOOTNOTES: [1] This illustration is taken from Mr. Villiers Stuart's work, "Nile Gleanings." [2] "A History of Egypt under the Pharaohs," by Dr. Henry Brugsch Bey. Translated and edited from the German by Philip Smith, B.A. [3] "Nile Gleanings," p. 309. [4] The inscription is taken from the "History of Egypt under the Pharaohs," by Dr. Henry Brugsch Bey. Translated and edited by Philip Smith, B.A. Second edition, pp. 137, 138. [5] "A History of Egypt under the Pharaohs," by Dr. Henry Brugsch Bey. Translated and edited from the German by Philip Smith, B.A. Second edition, p. 358. [6] Egypt Exploration Fund: _Archaeological Report_, 1895-1896. Edited by F. L. Griffith, M.A. [7] "The History of Herodotus," translated by G. C. Macaulay, M.A. 1890. Vol. i. p. 157. (ii. 96 is the reference to the Greek text.) [8] In Appendix, p. 157, will be found an account of an eighth-century Greek bireme, recently discovered. [9] For latest information on Greek vessels of Archaic period, _see_ Appendix. [10] This figure is obtained by adding the height of the lowest oar-port above the water, viz. 3 ft., to 2 ft. 6 in., which is twice the minimum vertical interval between successive banks. [11] This illustration is taken from Charnock's "History of Marine Architecture." It is copied by Charnock from Basius, who, in his turn, has evidently founded it on the sculptures on Trajan's Column. [12] "Caesar, de Bello Gallico," bk. iii. chap. 13. [13] Vol. xxii., p. 298. Paper by Mr. Colin Archer. [14] "Archeologie Navale." [15] W. S. Lindsay, "History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce," vol. ii. p. 4. [16] The details, as related by various authorities, differ slightly. [17] According to some accounts there were 1,497 bronze and 934 iron guns of all calibres. INDEX. A Aberdeen clippers, 153 _Acasta_, first English 40-gun frigate, 131 _Adventure_, first genuine English frigate, 128