Richard II., ship of reign of, 80 Rigging, improvements introduced in fourteenth century, 78 ----, improvements in, end of the sixteenth century, 101 Roman galleys, use of lead sheathing in, 53 ----, ----, use of turrets in, 54 ----, ----, used against Carthaginians, 36, 44 ----, merchant ships, 38 ----, naval power, origin of, 36 ----, quinqueremes, crews of, 44 _Royal Anne_, English first-rate of 1706..131 _Royal Charles_, warship of Charles II., 114 _Royal George_, particulars of, 126 Rudders, first use of, in English ships, 74 S Sailcloth, linen, made by ancient Egyptians, 25 Sailing-ships, excellence of American, in the middle of the nineteenth century, 3, 147 Sails, early use of, in Egypt, 13 ----, papyrus used for, by ancient Egyptians, 25 ----, use of, in galleys, 43 Sandefjord ship, description of, 58 Sandwich seal, ship on, 71 _Santa Maria_, caravel of Columbus, 88 _et seq._ Saracen ship of the twelfth century, 68 Saxon kings of England, fleets of, 56 ----, ships, 56 Seppings, Sir Robert, improvements introduced by, in naval construction, 135 _et seq._ Shelf-pieces, introduction of, in shipbuilding, 139 Ship, description of ancient Danish, 63 ----, description of Viking, 59 ----, Genoese, built for France, 1268..73 ----, Greek merchant, 38 ----, Roman merchant, 38 ----, Italian, of fifteenth century, 79 ----, of Columbus, 87 et seq. ----, of Edward III., 76 ----, of reign of Richard II., 80 ----, ----, of Henry VI., 83 ----, on Dover seal, 72 ----, on Poole seal, 74 ----, on Sandwich seal, 71 ----, Saracen, of the twelfth century, 68 ----, Venetian, built for France, 1268..73 ----, Venetian, of the twelfth century, of great size, 68 Ships, classification of, early fifteenth century, 81 ----, earliest mention of, in history, 11 ----, Egyptian, used in Hatshepsu's expedition to Punt, 19 ----, English, of the end of the fifteenth century, 85 ----, mediaeval, 65 _et seq._ ----, Norman, 65 ----, of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, improvements in, 79, 80 ----, of the fourteenth century, crews of, 74 ----, of the Norsemen, 58 ----, of the Saxons, 56 ----, of the Veneti, 55 ----, of Vasco da Gama, 91 ----, the most ancient known, 9 ----, used in Trojan expedition, 31 See also MERCHANT-SHIPS, EAST INDIAMEN, WARSHIPS, WEST INDIAMEN Shipbuilding, cost of timber for, in the nineteenth century, 155 ----, improvements introduced by Sir Robert Seppings, 135 _et seq._ ----, in ancient Greece, 28 _et seq._ ----, introduction of shelf-pieces and waterways, 139 Shipping statistics of the principal maritime powers, 1 _Sir John Franklin_, American Transatlantic sailing-packet, 1840..148 Sluys, battle of, 74 _Soleil Royal_, French warship, end of the seventeenth century, 116 _Sovereign_, English warship, time of Henry VII., 92