89. Caerphilly Castle, Glamorganshire. Built about 1275. We have here the type of the "Edwardian Castle;" differing from the Norman stronghold essentially in this: that, while the Norman fortress was a massive building surrounded by a court, the Edwardian arrangement was a court surrounded by strong buildings. The buildings themselves differed in many particulars, not only from their Norman predecessors, but from each other; and it would require a volume to examine at large the many curious devices for offence and defence that are exhibited in the various examples left to our times. We must again refer the student to the admirable work of M. Viollet-le-Duc, _Architecture Militaire du Moyen-Âge_, and to the able paper on the same subject in the first volume of the "Archæological Journal." And, for a complete account of the works at Caerphilly, see the _Archæologia Cambrensis_, vol. i., N. S. The engraving before us is from a drawing by Mr. G. T. Clark, in which some portion of the lost buildings has been supplied from the indications afforded by a careful survey of those remaining. Conspicuous in front is the Great Hall, with its louvre. Below is a water-gate, leading from the moat into the interior of the castle. Various outworks are connected with the main structure by means of drawbridges, and at the right-hand corner is a mill, turned by the stream which supplies the moat. 377 [Illustration] FOOTNOTES: [1] Chaucer, Reve's Tale. [2] Plates XXXI. and XXXVII. ANCIENT ARMOUR, _&c._ PART I. FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE IRON PERIOD TO THE ELEVENTH CENTURY.