Even today the =chuh= or torches are used as =lights=. The withered stalks or stems, so abundant in the Canyon, are a melancholy illustration of the scorching power of the sun within the chasm. We have not forgotten the fact that the Chinese term =han= is used in the ancient text and that it stands for the "crispness" of scorched or dried up plants. An actual visit to the =Ta-Hoh= or Great Canyon referred to, shows that it is this =han=--or withered, scorched and crisp--vegetation which provides no end of torches (=chuh=) for dwellers in the vicinity. One stumbling visitor uses the following language: "We struck for it ... through the thick night, the guide occasionally lighting a =torch of grass=" (n. 63). Unable to directly or steadily illumine the angles or recesses of the Canyon, the bright and clear-headed sun does the next best thing and raises a bounteous harvest of firebrands. Nature here concentrates her attention on the task of serving the necks (rather than the bellies) of her children, and presents them with a crop of seasoned and brilliant torches. Certain it is that most efficient firebrands are raised here in profusion and constitute such a unique feature of the stream that in order to distinguish it from others in the region, the Spaniards called our river the Rio del Tizon. Torches have lighted the Canyon in the past and they now throw light on the ancient record. Mentioned in connection with withered vegetation and intense heat, the natural inference is that the torches were used to =light= the steps of dwellers in the Canyon. Of course they might in winter have been used, like other vegetable produce, as fuel, but the old record now before us does actually connect the =chuh= or torches with a high scorching temperature; and our impression or deduction is that they were used as lights amid the blackness of the chasm. And the Torches (=chuh=) are used as lights still. One explorer says: "We fear that we shall have to stay here clinging to the rocks until daylight. Our little Indian gathers a few dry stems, ties them in a bundle, lights one end, and holds it up. The =others do the same=, and with these =Torches= we =find a way= out of trouble." Observe that these torches (or =chuh= as the Chinese would call them) were not ignited to =warm= the explorers. They were held aloft to find or light the way among perilous cliffs. Without their aid it would have been madness for the explorers to move. Practically they were as men born blind, but the Indian guide, with knowledge derived from the depths of antiquity, obtains the necessary torches and light at his elbow. With one withered and hot stem he ties together a number, lights them and then finds the way out of trouble for both himself and his bewildered party. What have we here but a duplication of the "illumination of torches" referred to in the ancient record? 17. =chuh= (the illumination of torches; a candle; a torch.)