Ancient rhetoric and poetic : $b Interpreted from representative works — John Shaqi
Ancient rhetoric and poetic : $b Interpreted from representative worksBaldwin, Charles Sears
History
Ancient rhetoric and poetic : $b Interpreted from representative works
Baldwin, Charles Sears
Classical literature -- History and criticism -- Theory, etc.; Poetics -- History -- To 1500; Rhetoric, Ancient
The appeal of style, Aristotle says in this same first chapter,[44] was
first discerned by the poets. The method of suggestion, in other words,
belongs to poetic. This is more than a critical distinction; it has an
application directly pedagogical. The teaching of style, always delicate
and difficult, may well begin through poetry, which in descriptive
heightening and in harmony of sound with sense, especially of pace with
mood, most plainly exhibits style as adaptation. The connection of this
with delivery, both with reading aloud and with dramatic recital, though
obvious, is often neglected. Elocution in our modern sense may, if
rightly related, be one of the gateways to appreciation of style.[45]
Chapter ii,[46] after glancing at the fundamental virtue of lucidity,
considers the choice of words for appropriateness and for suggestiveness,
i.e., for their connotation, and especially for the descriptive
vividness of the concrete, as in metaphors. Chapter iii[47] deals with
the inappropriateness arising from bad taste;[48] Chapter iv,[49] with
the extension of metaphor into simile. Chapter v[50] passes from single
words and phrases to their combination in clauses and sentences. The
distinction is important, and is kept throughout the classical rhetoric
from Aristotle down. The choice of words is ἐκλογή (_electio_); the
shaping of clauses and sentences is σύνθεσις (_compositio_). Frequent
translation of the latter by our English word _composition_, which has a
meaning so much wider as to be quite different, misses the specific point
of technic, and often makes the ancient writers say what they did not
mean.[51]
As the primary virtue in the choice of words is precision, so the first
consideration in their combination, says Aristotle, is purity, idiom,
conformity to usage. This assured, the next considerations of movement in
detail are dignity,[52] which he presents as mainly amplification, and
appropriateness.[53] Appropriateness here is not merely of the single
word, as in Chapters ii and iii, but of the movement, or pace. It is
gauged both to the moral habit (ἦθος) of the audience and to the emotion
(πάθος) of the occasion.
From this general idea of appropriate movement Aristotle passes[54] to
specific consideration of rhythm with his oft-quoted dictum:
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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