Ancient rhetoric and poetic : $b Interpreted from representative worksBaldwin, Charles Sears
History
Ancient rhetoric and poetic : $b Interpreted from representative works
Baldwin, Charles Sears
Classical literature -- History and criticism -- Theory, etc.; Poetics -- History -- To 1500; Rhetoric, Ancient
In like manner the recurrence to aptness, or adaptation, is not
repetition. Chapters ii[78] and iii[79] deal with aptness of single
words; chapter xii,[80] with aptness of sentence movement. From the
general definition[81] of apt movement as adaptation both to the moral
habit of the audience (ἦθος) and to the emotion of the occasion (πάθος)
Chapter xii now proceeds to the typical adaptations offered by the
several fields of oratory: the deliberative, the forensic, and the
occasional.[82]
It must not be forgotten that one style is appropriate to one
kind [of oratory], another style to another. Style for writing
is not the same as style for debate, nor style for public
debate the same as style for legal pleading. Both [style for
writing and style for debate] have to be known: the latter,
as command of correct (or idiomatic) utterance; the former,
as deliverance from the necessity of keeping silence when one
wishes to communicate—[an inhibition] which those suffer who do
not know how to write. Style for writing is the most precise;
style for debate, the most histrionic (the best adapted to
delivery). The latter is [adaptation] of two sorts: expression
of character, and expression of emotion. This is why actors
also seek such plays, and dramatists such personæ [as give
expression to character and emotion].
The distinction here between style for writing (to be read aloud) and
style for speaking (for immediate utterance) is general, as appears in
the following reference to asyndeton and in the comparison of public
speaking to the broad brush work of fresco; but it is also particular.
It distinguishes occasional, or panegyric oratory as demanding a style
more literary. “Style for writing,” above, must from its context refer to
panegyric; and below Aristotle adds: “The style of occasional oratory is
best suited to writing; for its function is to be read.”[83]
The final section[84] of Book III deals with the larger parts of a
speech: exordium, statement of facts, proof, peroration. This discussion
of τάξις (_dispositio_) is both meager and perfunctory, hardly more
than a rehearsal of those definitions and counsels which were already
familiar in teaching and apparently in manuals,[85] and which were to
be handed on by later tradition. Its importance is therefore primarily
historical. It has little other significance, little of the Aristotelian
discernment and suggestiveness. What the modern teacher of rhetoric
misses, both here and throughout the later classical discussions of
_dispositio_, is some definite inculcation of consecutiveness. That
consecutiveness was achieved in the best practise there can be no doubt;
how it was taught we are left to guess. As to movement in this larger
sense, what we commonly mean by composition, Aristotle’s _Poetic_ is more
definite and more suggestive than his _Rhetoric_.
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