Ancient rhetoric and poetic : $b Interpreted from representative works — John Shaqi
Ancient rhetoric and poetic : $b Interpreted from representative worksBaldwin, Charles Sears
History
Ancient rhetoric and poetic : $b Interpreted from representative works
Baldwin, Charles Sears
Classical literature -- History and criticism -- Theory, etc.; Poetics -- History -- To 1500; Rhetoric, Ancient
The transition from argument to the other means of persuasion, from
_probare_ or _docere_ to _conciliare_ and _movere_, is the caveat
of Antonius against the current division of cases into general and
particular[44] as a capital error. Theoretically every particular case
must have general relations; practically, if oratory is not to lapse into
mere accumulation of details, the orator must have the habit of bringing
these general relations to bear. Antonius adds the further caveat that
the whole system of the _status_ is merely analytical. It is logical;
and logic shows only how to judge arguments, not how to find them.[45]
The sources of arguments (_sedes argumentorum_)[46] are therefore more
important.
As to _conciliare_ and _movere_[47] Cicero says only the usual things,
perhaps because _inventio_ in these aspects is rather to be promoted by
exhortation than imparted by new categories.
Men take a decision oftener through feeling than through fact
or law.[48] They are moved by evidences of character in the
speaker and in his client.[49] Orators must have a scent for
an audience, for what people are feeling, thinking, waiting
for, wishing. To arouse feeling, the orator must have it
himself.[50] He need not feign it; it arises naturally from
his imaginative sympathy, as on the stage.[51] Emotional
appeal is not to be made suddenly; it is to be led up to and
down from;[52] and it demands full force of delivery.[53] The
only way to rebut feeling is by feeling. Cicero adds the usual
sections on wit and humor.[54]
The treatment of _dispositio_[55] gives little specific counsel toward
the achievement of that sequence in which Cicero himself excelled.
In general, _dispositio_ has to consider: how to make the most
of the stronger points without seeming to slur the weaker;
whether the case will prevail more readily through argument or
through appeal, through direct proof or through refutation;
how to cover retreat at need by making sure that the case,
if it cannot be won, shall at least not be damaged. [To
translate this doctrine into the terms of modern manuals, the
first general consideration of _dispositio_ is emphasis, both
as proportion of space and as progressive iteration of main
points.]
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