Ancient Rome and Modern America; A Comparative Study of Morals and MannersFerrero, Guglielmo
History
Ancient Rome and Modern America; A Comparative Study of Morals and Manners
Ferrero, Guglielmo
America -- Civilization; Europe -- Civilization; Justice, Administration of -- Rome; Progress
How are the various views to be reconciled? A certain number of
philosophers have tried to raise themselves above these too narrow or
too biassed points of view, and to find solutions of general value.
Many have been proposed; now is not the time to discuss the principal
ones. So I will confine myself to expounding to you that one of these
theories which seems to me the simplest, the most ingenious, and
the most useful for the resolution of the problem which we have set
ourselves in connection with sport. It is the theory of the limits. All
human activities ought to be reciprocal limits.
Take art and morality for instance: What relation ought they to bear to
each other? The question has been discussed with ardour. Artists, and
many of their friends, have tried to postulate a violent schism between
the two, proclaiming that art has the right to search for beauty
wherever she can find it, without bothering herself about morality.
Super-moralists, on the contrary, have tried to make art the slave of
morality, asserting that the former ought to be always ready to obey
its orders and to sacrifice herself to its demands. But would it not
be more reasonable and more human to say that art and morality are
reciprocal limits? Morality is one of art’s limits; without wishing to
make her its slave, it can and must prevent her from seeking beauty
in certain subjects and certain incidents which would be dangerous to
morals or to the pure-mindedness of the public. The forms of beauty are
so numerous. Why should not art refrain for moral reasons from seeking
for some of them? But art on her side is a limit of morality; she is
in no way anxious to dominate it, but she can and must prevent morality
from going astray in its search for perfection. Those who are familiar
with history know that a spice of artistic taste has always been the
best remedy for the most dangerous or the most repugnant excesses of
asceticism.
Let us take another example. A question which has much exercised
men’s minds is whether art and science ought to set before themselves
practical ends, or whether they are in themselves ends. There are
people who would like to subordinate the rest of the world to art and
to science. This entails requiring of art and science that they should
seek beauty and truth without having in view any utilitarian end,
without troubling themselves to ask whether they are useful or hurtful
to man. Others again propose to subordinate art and science to the rest
of the world, asserting that every art and every science which does
not serve practical ends is a waste of time and trouble. Here, too, it
seems to me that it would be more human to say that science and art
seek truth and beauty, not utility. Utility, then, is not the end of
art and of science; but it is one of their limits. The truths which the
human mind can discover, like the forms of beauty which it can create,
are infinite.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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