ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR BY C. LLOYD MORGAN, F.R.S. AUTHOR OF “THE SPRINGS OF CONDUCT,” “HABIT AND INSTINCT,” “PSYCHOLOGY FOR TEACHERS,” ETC. ETC. _ILLUSTRATED_ SECOND EDITION THIRD IMPRESSION LONDON EDWARD ARNOLD 1920 (_All rights reserved_) PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION My book on “Animal Life and Intelligence” being out of print, I undertook to revise it for a new Edition. As the work of revision proceeded, however, it appeared that the amended treatment would not fall conveniently under the previous scheme of arrangement. I therefore decided to write a new book under the title of “Animal Behaviour.” A few passages from the older work have been introduced, and some of the observations and conclusions already published in greater detail in “Habit and Instinct” have been summarized. But it will be found that these occupy a relatively small space in the following pages. C. LL. M. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, BRISTOL, OCTOBER 1_st_, 1900. CONTENTS CHAPTER I _ORGANIC BEHAVIOUR_ PAGE I. BEHAVIOUR IN GENERAL 1 II. BEHAVIOUR OF CELLS 3 III. CORPORATE BEHAVIOUR 14 IV. THE BEHAVIOUR OF PLANTS 24 V. REFLEX ACTION 31 VI. THE EVOLUTION OF ORGANIC BEHAVIOUR 35 CHAPTER II _CONSCIOUSNESS_ I. THE CONSCIOUS ACCOMPANIMENTS OF CERTAIN ORGANIC CHANGES 42 II. THE EARLY STAGES OF MENTAL DEVELOPMENT 48 III. LATER PHASES IN MENTAL DEVELOPMENT 56 IV. THE EVOLUTION OF CONSCIOUSNESS 61 CHAPTER III _INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR_ I. DEFINITION OF INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR 63 II. INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR IN INSECTS 71 III. THE INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR OF YOUNG BIRDS 84 IV. THE CONSCIOUS ASPECT OF INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR 98 V. THE EVOLUTION OF INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR 106 CHAPTER IV _INTELLIGENT BEHAVIOUR_ I. THE NATURE OF INTELLIGENT BEHAVIOUR 117 II. INTELLIGENT BEHAVIOUR IN INSECTS 123 III. SOME RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT 134 IV. THE EVOLUTION OF INTELLIGENT BEHAVIOUR 155 V. THE INFLUENCE OF INTELLIGENCE ON INSTINCT 168 CHAPTER V _SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR_