The method of intelligence--in the sense in which we are using this term--the method of varied trial and error with the utilization of chance success, is a lengthy and somewhat clumsy process; but it suffices. Now contrast it with the procedure of a rational animal, such as man is or may be. When he is confronted by a difficulty he is not content to meet it by trying this way, and that way, and another way, anyhow, and trusting to chance to bring success, but he considers the problem in all its relations with a view to ascertaining the essential nature of the difficulty. For each attempted mode of meeting the case he has a definite reason. He knows why he does this and not that. He has a plan or scheme which he puts into execution. And if it fail, he is not content till he finds out wherein the failure lay. This enables him to plan a better scheme. He sees why it is better; and if at last he be successful by a happy hit, as in the chance procedure of intelligence, he looks for the reason of it. And seeing why this fortunate attempt, unlike his previous efforts, just meets the case, he repeats it because he perceives that herein lies the essential solution of the difficulty. Both in the case of intelligence and in that of reason, as here distinguished, present procedure is based upon past experience; but reason has built upon the foundations thus laid an orderly scheme, and knows its whys and wherefores, while intelligence is at the mercy of chance associations. The reason for success it has not the wit to assign. The essential difference between the two cases may be put in another way by saying that the intelligent being forms sensory impressions and sensory images linked together by bonds of association, combining and coalescing to constitute a conscious situation effective in behaviour under the guiding influence of pleasure and pain; while the rational being not only does all this, but goes further. He fixes his attention on the way in which the elements in the situation are connected and related; he builds an ideal framework on which the sensory impressions are set or move in an orderly manner. And it is this scheme, fashioned by reason and transforming the situation, which he utilizes in dealing with difficulties.