Animal intelligence: Experimental studiesThorndike, Edward L. (Edward Lee)
Science
Animal intelligence: Experimental studies
Thorndike, Edward L. (Edward Lee)
Animal intelligence; Psychology, Comparative
The defender of the direct potency of conscious representatives of a
response to produce it may be tempted to complain at this point that what
the laws of exercise and effect do is to reduce the strength of competing
ideas, and leave the idea, say of getting up, free to exercise its direct
potency. The complaint shows a weak sense for fact. The ordinary child is
not a Hamlet, nor is he beguiled by the imagined delights of staying in
bed, nor repelled by the image of getting up out of it. On the contrary,
he may be entirely willing to _think of_ getting up. It is the actual
delights that hold him, the actual discomforts that check him, and the
only way to be sure that he will get up is so to arrange matters that it
is more satisfactory to him to get up than not to when the situation,
whatever it be, that is to suggest that response, makes its appearance.
The experience of every schoolroom shows that it is not enough to get the
idea of an act. The act must have gone with that idea or be now put with
it. The bond must be created. Responses to the suggestions of language,
whether addressed to us by others or by ourselves in inner speech, in
a very large majority of cases owe their bonds to the laws of exercise
and effect. We learn to do what we are told, or what we tell ourselves,
by doing _something_ and rejecting or retaining what we do by virtue
of its effects. So also in the case of a majority of responses to the
suggestions of other than verbal imagery.
The idea of a response, like the perception of a response by another,
acts often as a guide to response _ex post facto_ by deciding what shall
be satisfying. Where superficial inspection leaves the impression that
the idea creates the act, a little care often shows it to have only
selected from the acts produced by instinct and habit. For example, let
the reader think of some act never performed hitherto, such as putting
his left middle finger upon the upper right hand corner of this page,
and make the movement. It may seem at first sight that having the idea
entirely unopposed was the sufficient cause of the act. But careful
experiment, including, for instance, the closure of the eyes and
anesthesia of the fingers will reveal that the original propulsion of the
idea is not to just that act, but to many possibilities, and that its
chief potency lies in the fact that not to get the finger to that point
is annoying, and that consequently the organism is at peace only when the
act is done.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
Reviews
Reviews
No reviews yet
Be the first to share your thoughts on this work.
Elsewhere in the archive
Join the Discussion
Join the discussion
Sign in to leave a comment or review.
Sign InorCreate an account