Here let us again notice that the details of the process of nutrition
vary very much in different forms of life. In some mammals the organs of
digestion are specially fitted to deal with a flesh diet; in others they
are suited for a diet of herbs. In the graminivorous birds the grain is
swallowed whole, and pounded up in the gizzard. The leech swallows
nothing but blood. The earthworm pours out a secretion on the leaves, by
which they are partially digested before they enter the body. Many
parasitic organisms have no digestive canal, the nutritive juices of
their host being absorbed by the general external surface of the body.
But the essential life-process is in all cases the same--the absorption
of nutritive matter to be supplied to the cell or cells of which the
organism is built up.
Thus in the mammal the blood, enriched with oxygen in the lungs, and
enriched also with nutritive fluids, is brought, in the course of its
circulation, into direct or indirect contact with all the myriads of
living cells in the body.
In the first place, the material thus supplied is utilized for and
ministers to the growth of the organs and tissues. This growth is
effected by the multiplication of the constituent cells. The cells
themselves have a very limited power of growth. But, especially in the
early stages of the life of the organism, when well supplied with
nutriment, the cells multiply rapidly, by a process of fission, or the
division of each cell into two daughter cells. The first part of the
cell to divide is the nucleus, the protoplasmic network of which shows,
during the process, curious and interesting arrangements and groupings
of the fibres. When the nucleus has divided, the surrounding protoplasm
is constricted, and separates into two portions, each of which contains
a daughter nucleus.
In addition to the multiplication of cells, there is the formation,
especially during periods of growth, of certain products of cell-life
and cell-activity. Bone, for example, is a more or less permanent
product of the activity of certain specialized cells.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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