No analogies between mechanical contrivances and organic processes can
be pushed very far. To liken the organic cell to a gas-engine is better
than to liken the organism to a steam-engine, because it serves to
indicate the fact that the fuel does not simply combine with the oxygen
in combustion, but that an unstable or explosive combination of "fuel"
and oxygen is first formed; and again, because the effect of this is
direct, and not through the intervention of any substance to which the
combustion merely supplies the necessary heat. But beyond the fact that
a kind of explosive is formed which, like a fulminating compound, can be
fired by a touch, there is no very close analogy to be drawn. Nor must
we press the explosion analogy too far. The essential thing would seem
to be this--which, perhaps, the analogy may have served to lead up
to--that the vital protoplasmic network of the cell has the power of
building up complex and unstable chemical compounds, which are probably
stored in the plasm within the spaces between the threads of the
network; and that these unstable compounds, under the influence of a
stimulus (or, possibly, sometimes spontaneously) break down into simpler
and more stable compounds.[D] In the case of muscle-cells, this latter
change is accompanied by an alteration in length of the fibres and
consequent movements in the organism, the products of the disruptive
change being useless or harmful, and being, therefore, got rid of as
soon as possible. But very frequently the products of explosive activity
are made use of. In the case of bone-cells, one of the products of
disruption is of permanent use to the organism, and constitutes the
solid framework of the skeleton. In the case of the secreting cells of
the salivary and other digestive glands, one of the disruptive products
is of temporary value for the preparation of the food. It is exceedingly
probable that these useful products of disruption, permanent or
temporary, took their origin in waste products for which natural
selection has found a use, and which have been, through natural
selection, rendered more and more efficacious. This, however, is a
question we are not at present in a position to discuss.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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